Morphological Features of Co-Rich Manganese Deposits and Their Relation to Seabed Slopes

Abstract

The morphological features associated with Co-rich manganese deposits, the size variations of nodules, and the occurrence of different substrates have been analyzed, to evaluate the influence of various seabed slope angles on the distribution of these features. The coverage and size of the crusts depend on their surface morphology and seabed topography, resulting in cobble-type, lineated, or step-like outcrops. Small nodules (1–4 cm in diameter) dominate all seabed slopes, with a few locations having nodules ranging from 1 to 8 or 1 to 10 cm. Sediments invariably occur as substrates for nodules and as cover for crusts, their coverage being inversely proportional to that of the nodules and crust outcrops.

Steeper seafloor areas have large crust outcrops exposed with no or few nodules and sediments associated with them. The intermediate slopes have a combination of nodules, sediments, and crusts in various proportions, depending on topography and gradient. Large-scale nodule occurrences, followed by sediment fields and crust outcrops on seabed slopes of < 3°, 3–7°, and > 15°, respectively, represent typical morphological distribution zones of the Co-rich manganese deposits on a seamount in the central Pacific Ocean. A transition zone between nodule-dominated fields and large crust outcrops occurs for slopes from 7° to 15°. This detailed study on distribution of Co-rich deposits gives a better understanding for purposes of their exploitation.     

辽东大、小窑湾营养盐和铅、锌的时空变化新探

针对大、小窑湾湾内外海域的营养盐和铅、锌的分布规律与季节变化进行了调查,并以海水水质、营养结构和营养水平方面评价了两个海域的环境质量状况。结果表明：冬春季节N,P,Si三种营养盐的水平分布均有从湾项向湾口海域降低、再向湾外上升的趋势;夏季三种营养盐的湾顶含量大大增加,水平分布趋势则表现为由湾里向湾口方向减少。冬季Pb含量较低,且分布均匀;春季小窑湾沿岸已受到Pb的污染。大窑湾北部沿岸冬季Zn污染严重,春季两湾内外海域Zn分布较均匀。夏季Pb,zn的污染严重,水平分布为从北部沿岸向湾口方向下降。两个湾内环境质量劣于湾外;调查年度中,夏季两湾水质除总无机氮不超标外,其他三项指标均超标,达到轻度或重度污染状态;冬春两季只有锌污染指数大于1,其他皆低于清洁指数,水质处于较清洁状态。大、小窑湾海域的海水营养水平指数小于或接近一级的阈值,处于贫营养状态。     

黄河水下三角洲前沿深度基准面及潮位变化分析研究

黄河三角洲前沿的陆地由于受地面沉降的影响,使地面高程不断发生变化.在水深测量中,深度基准面是根据陆地水准点高程确定的,陆地水准点高程的变化影响深度基准面的确定,从而影响水深测量的准确性.又由于黄河海港附近有一无潮点,其附近的潮汐性质变化大,在黄河三角洲前沿大范围水深测量中,根据测区潮位变化设立足够的验潮站及统一各个验潮站的水尺零点到同一个深度基准面上,是保证水深测量结果可靠的关键.通过黄河三角洲前沿陆地高程的变化和验潮获得的资料,介绍了黄河三角洲前沿深度基准面的变化和潮位变化情况.     

大气浮力频率的时空变化及其影响因子

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分别将一日4次、日平均、月平均资料作为输入进行计算,分析了浮力频率在不同尺度下的时间变化及空间变化,发现浮力频率的分布与纬度和高度、海洋和陆地、山脉和地形分布等有关。一般认为,浮力频率取决于上下层的温度差。通过对其表达式的推演,指出浮力频率除了与上下层温度差有关外,也与气温本身有关,是两者的非线性函数。针对不同时间尺度及空间的采样样本,研究了气温和垂直温差在浮力频率时空变化中的相对重要性。结果表明,对浮力频率的某些时空变化,在一些区域,气温本身的变化也很重要,其影响甚至能超过上下层温度差的作用。     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

The Onset of the Monsoon over the Bay of Bengal: The Year-to-Year Variations

In situ buoy observation data spanning four years(2008-2011) were used to demonstrate the year-to-year variations of the monsoon onset processes in the Bay of Bengal(BoB).A significant early(late) monsoon onset event in 2009(2010) was analyzed in detail.It is found that the year-to-year variations of monsoon onset can be attributed to either the interannual variability in the BoB SST or the irregular activities of the intra-seasonal oscillation(ISO).This finding raises concern over the potential difficulties in simulating or predicting the monsoon onset in the BoB region.This uncertainty largely comes from the unsatisfactory model behavior at the intra-seasonal time scale.     

2012 - 2017年伊犁河谷冬季降水日变化特征

利用2012 - 2017年冬季伊犁河谷10个国家气象站逐小时降水资料, 分析了伊犁河谷不同区域降水日变化特征, 结果表明： 冬季伊犁河谷西部和中部地区降水量日变化呈单峰型, 北京时间09：00 - 12：00是主要的峰值时段; 其他地区降水量日变化单峰特征不显著。伊犁河谷大部分地区降水量与降水频次的关系比降水量与降水强度的关系更为密切。伊犁河谷冬季降水事件以6 h以内的短历时降水为主, 但其对冬季总降水量的贡献率不足30%; 持续12 h以上的长持续性降水事件发生次数虽少, 但它是伊犁河谷冬季总降水量的主要贡献者。短历时和持续性降水事件是伊犁河谷西部地区降水量日变化主峰的重要贡献者; 持续性和长持续性降水事件是伊犁河谷中部及北部地区降水量日变化峰值的重要贡献者; 伊犁河谷西南部地区冬季降水日循环与降水持续性之间的关系不显著。     

珠江流域降水干湿时空特征及气候因子影响研究

利用模糊C-均值聚类算法、皮尔逊相关和滑动相关分析等方法,对珠江流域做了气候一致性分析,在此基础上,研究了珠江流域不同分区年降水和干湿季降水变化的时空特征,分析了区域干湿变化与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)、印度洋偶极子(IOD)和太平洋10年涛动(PDO)等主要气候因子的遥相关关系,探讨了珠江流域干湿变化的气候成因。在此基础上,进一步研究上述气候指标对不同时间尺度干湿变化影响的平稳性与差异性。除此之外,还研究了气候指标的冷暖期对基于6个月SPI值的珠江流域干湿状态的影响。研究表明:(1)IOD、NAO和ENSO分别是导致珠江流域年降水、湿季降水和干季降水发生变化的主要影响因素,且对当年及下一年降水的影响是相反的。(2)珠江流域不同时间尺度的降水与对其有显著影响的气候指标(年降水与IOD,湿季降水与NAO,干季降水与ENSO),两者之间不同时期的滑动相关往往具有较强的相关性和前后相关一致性。(3)各气候指标对珠江流域不同时间尺度降水的影响在空间分布上不太均匀。(4)不同位相下气候指标对珠江流域干湿状态的影响存在较大差异。总体而言,当处于各气候指标暖期时珠江流域出现湿润期的概率较冷期时更大且在空间分布上更均匀。     

Trends of sea level variations in the South China Sea from merged altimetry data

In this study, more than 13 yr of merged altimetry sea level anomalies (SLA) data were used to analyze the trends of sea level variations in the South China Sea (SCS). The result shows that the mean sea level over the SCS has a rise rate of 11.3 mm/yr during 1993–2000 and a fall rate of 11.8 mm/yr during 2001–2005. The geographical distribution of the sea level variations over the SCS is asymmetric with a pronounced variation existing in the deep water. The trends of thermosteric sea level variations were also examined using Ishii data and MITgcm assimilation data. The result indicates that the thermal change of the upper layer of the SCS has a significant contribution to the sea level variations. Heat budget analysis suggests that heat advection may be a key factor influencing the thermal change. Apart from thermal contribution, the effect of water exchange on the sea level variations was also studied.     

A numerical study on seasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current

Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is employed to investigate the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) and its seasonal variations. Results show that the TWC exhibits pronounced seasonal variations in its sources, strength and flow patterns. In summer, the TWC flows northeast in straight way and reaches around 32°N; it comes mainly from the Taiwan Strait, while its lower part is from the shelf-intrusion of the Kuroshio subsurface water (KSSW). In winter, coming mainly from the shelf-intrusion of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan, the TWC flows northward in a winding way and reaches up around 30°N. The Kuroshio intrusion also has distinct seasonal patterns. The shelf-intrusion of KSSW by upwelling is almost the same in four seasons with a little difference in strength; it is a persistent source of the TWC. However, Kuroshio surface water (KSW) can not intrude onto the shelf in summer, while in winter the intrusion of KSW always occurs. Additional experiments were conducted to examine effects of winds and transport through