THE 3-D VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE

It is important to detect the fine velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle to understand the regional tectonic evolution, earthquake generation processes, and to conduct earthquake risk assessment. The inversion of uppermost mantle velocity and Moho depth are strongly influenced by crustal velocity heterogeneity. In this study, we collected first arrivals of Pg and Pn and secondary arrivals of Pg wave from the seismograms recorded at Fujian provincial seismic network stations. New 3-D P-wave velocities were inverted by multi-phase joint inversion method in Fujian Province. Our results show that the fault zones in Fujian Province have various velocity patterns. The shallow crust is characterized by high velocity that represents mountains, while the mid-lower crust shows low velocities. The anomalous velocities are correlated closely with tectonic faults in Fujian Province. Velocity anomalies mainly show NE-trending distribution, especially in the mid-lower crust and uppermost mantle, which is consistent with the NE-trending of the regional main fault zones. Meanwhile, a part of velocity patterns show NW trending, which is related to the secondary NW-oriented faults. Such velocity distribution also shows a geological structural pattern of "zoning in east-west direction and blocking in north-south direction" in Fujian area. In the crust, a low velocity zone is found along Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone as mentioned by previous study, however our result shows the low velocity exists at depth of 20~30km in mid-lower crust. Compared with previous study, this low velocity zone is larger and deeper both in range and depth. The crustal thickness of 28~35km from our joint inversion is similar to the results from the receiver functions of previous studies. The thinnest crust(28km)is observed at offshore in the north of Quanzhou; while the thickest crust(35km)is located west of Zhangzhou near the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone. Generally, thinner crustal thickness is found in offshore of Fujian Province, and thicker crustal thickness is in the mainland. However, we also found that crustal thickness becomes thinner along the east side of Yongan-Jinjiang Fault. The values of Pn velocities in the region vary from 7.71 to 8.26km/s. The velocity distribution of the uppermost mantle presents a large inhomogeneity, which is correlated with the distribution of the fault zone. High Pn velocity anomalies are found mainly along the west side of the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone(F₂), and the east side of the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone(F₁), which is strip-shaped throughout the central part of Fujian. Low Pn velocity anomalies are observed along the coast and Taiwan Straits, including the Changle-Zhaoan fault zone, the coastal fault zone, and the Fuzhou Basin. We also found a low Pn velocity anomaly zone, which extends to the coast, in the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone at the junction of the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the west of Taiwan Straits, both high and low Pn velocity anomalies are observed. Our results show that the historical strong earthquakes(larger than magnitude 6.0) are mainly distributed between positive and negative anomaly zones at different depth profiles of the crust, and similar anomalies distribution also exists at the uppermost mantle, suggesting that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the region is not only related to the anomalous crustal velocity structure, but also affected by the velocity anomaly structure from the uppermost mantle.     

Combined effect of climate change and human activities on the hydrological processes of an urban river: case study of the Xiaoqing River,China

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to reveal statistical characteristics and exceedance probability of discharge under the combined effect of climate change and human activities. The study is conducted in the Xiaoqing River in Jinan, China, based on data of discharge, land-use types and precipitation from the period 1970–2016. A multivariate joint probability distribution of the data is established to test the univariable, bivariable and trivariable change points. These are then used to calculate and analyse the risk probability of discharge exceeding the specific values under different conditions of precipitation and land-use type. The results show that the change point calculated by trivariate joint distribution can reduce the disturbance of the change point obtained with the univariable or bivariable approach and reflect the changes of various factors in the hydrological processes more objectively. When the land-use type is taken into consideration, the trivariate distribution can reflect the variation of hydrological processes more reasonably.     

新型全栓接H型钢梁柱节点滞回性能研究

提出一种新型全栓接H型钢梁柱节点。为研究节点的滞回性能,采用立式加载方案对4个不同构造方式的新型和传统全栓接H型钢梁柱节点进行拟静力试验,分析各试件的节点破坏模式、P-Δ滞回曲线、M-θ骨架曲线、承载力及延性性能。结果表明:强轴新型全栓接节点与传统全栓接节点相比,滞回曲线、骨架曲线以及各项力学性能指标基本相同。弱轴新型全栓接节点与传统全栓接节点相比,具有更好的滞回性能、更高的延性和更强的承载力,其屈服承载力、极限承载力及延性分别增加了38%、35%和32%。     

Reach-scale bankfull channel types can exist independently of catchment hydrology

Reach-scale morphological channel classifications are underpinned by the theory that each channel type is related to an assemblage of reach- and catchment-scale hydrologic, topographic, and sediment supply drivers. However, the relative importance of each driver on reach morphology is unclear, as is the possibility that different driver assemblages yield the same reach morphology. Reach-scale classifications have never needed to be predicated on hydrology, yet hydrology controls discharge and thus sediment transport capacity. The scientific question is: do two or more regions with quantifiable differences in hydrologic setting end up with different reach-scale channel types, or do channel types transcend hydrologic setting because hydrologic setting is not a dominant control at the reach scale? This study answered this question by isolating hydrologic metrics as potential dominant controls of channel type. Three steps were applied in a large test basin with diverse hydrologic settings (Sacramento River, California) to: (1) create a reach-scale channel classification based on local site surveys, (2) categorize sites by flood magnitude, dimensionless flood magnitude, and annual hydrologic regime type, and (3) statistically analyze two hydrogeomorphic linkages. Statistical tests assessed the spatial distribution of channel types and the dependence of channel type morphological attributes by hydrologic setting. Results yielded 10 channel types. Nearly all types existed across all hydrologic settings, which is perhaps a surprising development for hydrogeomorphology. Downstream hydraulic geometry relationships were statistically significant. In addition, cobble-dominated uniform streams showed a consistent inverse relationship between slope and dimensionless flood magnitude, an indication of dynamic equilibrium between transport capacity and sediment supply. However, most morphological attributes showed no sorting by hydrologic setting. This study suggests that median hydraulic geometry relations persist across basins and within channel types, but hydrologic influence on geomorphic variability is likely due to local influences rather than catchment-scale drivers. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Copula的近60a京津冀地区干旱灾害危险性评估

干旱灾害是京津冀地区主要气象灾害之一,严重影响社会经济和粮食安全。评估京津冀地区干旱灾害危险性,识别高危险区,旨在为灾害防范和应急调控提供参考。利用1958—2017年37个气象站降水日数据,计算标准化降水指数（SPI6）,根据游程理论界定干旱历时和干旱强度。运用K-S检验法、AIC法分别确定指标的最优边缘分布函数和Copula函数,计算5 a、10 a、30 a及50 a一遇水平下干旱强度和干旱历时的重现期。结果表明：京津冀地区20世纪60年代中期至今SPI6呈下降趋势;指数分布和广义极值分布分别是干旱历时和干旱强度的最优边缘分布,Frank Copula在变量联合概率分布计算时拟合最好;就干旱历时和干旱强度重现期而言,30 a、50 a一遇水平下联合重现期为,北京市、沧州市、衡水市及承德市北部等地区的重现期长,危险性低,其余地区危险性较高;站点干旱灾害的联合重现期理论值与实际情况较符合,能够反映实际灾害情况。     

多元统计在化探数据分析中的应用——以沂源县鲁村镇崮山村地区土壤化探测量为例

地球化学元素的多元统计分析可以推测地球化学元素在复杂的成矿过程中的组合及演化特征,从而为预测找矿提供有用的微观信息。应用多元统计方法,对沂源县鲁村镇崮山村地区土壤、岩石地球化学测量数据进行研究分析,得出:与中国东部岩石丰度对比,研究区岩石背景特征为Au,Ag,Pb,Sb,As,Hg元素富集,Cu,Zn贫化;与山东省土壤背景值对比,研究区土壤背景值中Au,Ag,Cu,Pb,Zn元素都出现了不同程度的富集。区内成矿元素组合特征表现为:Ag,Pb,Zn元素之间相关性较强,其中Ag、Pb元素之间的相关性最强,反应出了组合成矿的可能性;而Au与其他元素几乎不具相关性,Cu元素与Ag,Pb,Zn元素均具有弱相关性。通过因子分析得出成矿元素的富集与矿化过程大致可以划分3个阶段:Ag-Pb-Zn元素组合的富集与矿化;Cu元素的富集与矿化;Au元素的富集与矿化;反映出了该区多期富集或蚀变矿化特点。利用因子得分圈定元素组合异常,通过异常分析,并结合地质背景、地质构造特征,最终圈定找矿有利靶区,为进一步找矿提供了科学依据。     

Combining otolith elemental signatures with multivariate analytical models to verify the migratory pattern of Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) in the southern Yellow Sea

Japanese Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus niphonius, is a commercially important, highly migratory species that is widely distributed throughout the northwestern Pacific region. However, its life history and migratory patterns are only partially understood. This study used otolith chemistry to investigate the migratory pattern of S. niphonius in the southern Yellow Sea, an important fishing ground. Transverse sections of otoliths from 15 age-1 spawning or spent individuals, comprising up to one complete migration cycle, were analyzed from the core to the margin by using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The ratios of the element to Ca were integrated with microstructural analysis to produce age-related elemental profiles. Combining multi-elemental analysis of otolith composition with multivariate analytical models, we quantified structural changes in otolith chemistry profiles. Results revealed there were diverse changing patterns of otolith chemistry profiles for detected elements and the elements of Na, Mg, Sr and Ba were important for the chronological signal. Five clusters were identified through chronological clustering, representing the five life stages from the early stage to the spawning stage. Variation of Ba:Ca ratio was most informative, showing a step-decreasing pattern in the first four stages and a rebound in the spawning stage. These results support the hypothesized migratory pattern of S. niphonius: hatching and spending their early life in the coastal sandy ridges system of the southern Yellow Sea, migrating northeastward and offshore for feeding during juvenile stage, aggregating in early October and migrating outward to the Jeju Island for wintering, and returning to the coastal waters for spawning. This study demonstrated the value of life-history related otolith chemistry profiles combined with multivariate analytical models was a means to verify the migration patterns of S. niphonius at regional scales with potential application in fisheries assessment and management.     

新疆喀什-乌恰地区的P波速度模型和小震精确定位

利用新疆喀什—乌恰地区记录的数字地震资料,用BLOC86程序初步定位,根据射线追踪原理,给出相对精细的P波速度模型。由此模型,用JHD联合震中定位方法对记到的小震进行精确定位,并对定位精度做初步分析。     

用多元门限回归模型作区域夏季旱涝预测

考虑了气候系统中一些变量突变时对预测关系的改变作用，用多元门限回归模型的建模方法建立长江下游地区夏季旱涝趋势预测模型。拟合效果较理想，用１９９４－１９９５年的独立资料检验，预测结果与实况较为接近。     

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as an indicator for palaeocurrent analysis in folded turbidites (Outer Western Carpathians,Poland)

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is a well-known geological proxy in revealing the directional tectonic and sedimentological features of rocks, although it can be ambiguous in situations where these two factors co-occur. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in determining palaeotransport directions in turbiditic rocks that underwent subsequent thrusting and folding. This study demonstrates that the magnetic lineation is largely unsuitable as a palaeocurrent direction proxy, and suggests that the imbrication of magnetic foliation is better in such cases. Moreover, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility results were analyzed in reference to a joint and fold study within the framework of the regional structural geology. Magnetic fabric investigations were conducted in the eastern part of the Outer Western Carpathians (south-east Poland). During the study, a total of 191 oriented palaeomagnetic samples were collected from three outcrops (Nasiczne, Dwernik and Hoczew) in the Krosno Beds, Silesian Unit. For the purpose of sedimentological analysis, 121 m of turbidite successions were documented and 126 directional sedimentary structures were measured. The magnetic anisotropy of sandstones revealed typical sedimentary fabrics, often overprinted by variably intense tectonic deformation. Oblate susceptibility ellipsoids from Nasiczne showed tilt coherent with the palaeoflow direction, whereas the rocks from Dwernik and Hoczew contained triaxial magnetic fabric developed during compressional palaeostress. This paper suggests that medium-grained and coarse-grained sandstones, preferably with high mica content, are the most suitable for palaeotransport reconstructions among the studied lithologies.