A study of the contribution of mass elevation effect to the altitudinal distribution of timberline in the Northern Hemisphere简

Alpine timberline, as the ＂ecologica tion of scientists in many fields, especially in transition zone,＂ has long attracted the atten- recent years. Many unitary and dibasic fitting models have been developed to explore the relationship between timberline elevation and latitude or temperature. However, these models are usually on regional scale and could not be applied to other regions; on the other hand, hemispherical-scale and continental-scale models are usually based on about 100 timberline data and are necessarily low in precision. The present article collects 516 data sites of timberline, and takes latitude, continentality and mass elevation effect （MEE） as independent variables and timberline elevation as dependent variable to develop a ternary linear regression meteorological data released by WorldClim and model. Continentality is calculated using the mountain base elevation （as a proxy of mass elevation effect） is extracted on the basis of SRTM 90-meter resolution elevation data. The results show that the coefficient of determination （R2） of the linear model is as high as 0.904, and that the contribution rate of latitude, continentality and MEE to timberline elevation is 45.02% （p=0.000）, 6.04% （p=0.000） and 48.94% （p=0.000）, respectively. This means that MEE is simply the primary factor contributing to the elevation distribution of timberline on the continental and hemispherical scales. The contribution rate of MEE to timberline altitude dif- fers in different regions, e.g., 50.49% （p=0.000） in North America, 48.73% （p=0.000） in the eastern Eurasia, and 43.6% （p=0.000） in the western Eurasia, but it is usually very high.     

基于高分六号宽幅影像的油菜种植分布区域提取方法

油菜作为我国主要的农业经济作物及食用油的主要来源,及时、准确地获取其种植分布信息,是全面掌握油菜种植状况、加强生产管理、优化作物种植空间格局的重要依据。高分六号（GF-6）的宽视场（Wide Field View,WFV）传感器在可见光-近红外波段基础上增设了2个红边波段、1个黄波段和1个紫波段,为油菜遥感识别提供了更加丰富的光谱信息,进而相较于蓝、绿、红、近红外4个“传统波段”的识别精度有所提升。本文以油菜开花期内两景不同时相GF-6 WFV影像拼接图像作为数据源,选择油菜生产优势区的河南省固始县为研究区,针对油菜同其他地物的“异物同谱”现象以及不同生长阶段油菜的“同物异谱”现象,利用油菜开花期独特的反射光谱特征,结合均值间标准化近距离提出了NDSI₂₈、S₃₄、NDSI₂₃和NDSI₄₆共4个光谱指数,并由此构建油菜种植区域提取的决策树模型。研究结果表明,基于4个指数组合构建的决策树模型对油菜种植分布信息的提取达到了较好的效果,总体精度为96.17%,与随机森林、支持向量机、最大似然法相比分别高出0.31%、0.88%和1.24%;制图精度方面,决策树法为98.15%,比随机森林、支持向量机、最大似然法分别高4.72%、4.21%和5.59%;对于用户精度,决策树法为86.89%,较随机森林、最大似然法分别低2.2%和1.63%,比支持向量机高0.11%。由此说明,GF-6 WFV数据中的新增波段极大地丰富了其光谱信息,使其在包括油菜在内的农作物种植分布信息提取中具有独特的优势和巨大潜力。     

Comprehensive Chemical and Isotopic Analyses of Basalt and Sediment Reference Materials

Geochemical studies of geological samples require the precise determination of their major and trace element contents and, when measured, of their isotopic compositions. It is now commonly accepted that the accuracy and precision of geochemical analyses are best estimated by the concomitant analysis of international reference materials run as unknown samples. Although the composition of a wide selection of basalts is relatively well constrained, this is far from being the case for sedimentary materials. We present here a comprehensive set of major and trace element data as well as Nd, Hf, Sr and Pb isotopic compositions for thirteen commonly used international reference materials – eight magmatic rocks (BHVO‐2, BR, BE‐N, BR 24, AGV‐1, BIR‐1, UB‐N, RGM‐1) and five sediments (JLk‐1, JSd‐1, JSd‐2, JSd‐3, LKSD‐1). We determined the concentrations of over forty elements in the magmatic rocks together with Sr, Nd, Hf and Pb isotopic compositions. Our trace element results were both accurate (difference ≤ 3%) and precise (reproducibility at 1s ≤ 3%) and the isotopic results were very similar to other published values. In contrast, we observed a significant chemical and isotopic variability in the sedimentary materials, which we attribute to mineral heterogeneities in the powders. Despite the limitation imposed by this heterogeneity, our work presents a complete set of data determined with a precision not yet achieved in the literature for sedimentary material. We also provide the first Nd, Hf and Pb isotopic measurements for the five sediments, which are commonly used by the geochemical community. Our study of both basalt and sediment reference materials represents a comprehensive and self‐consistent set of geochemical data and can therefore be considered as a reference database for the community.     

基于多结构元素形态滤波的大地电磁去噪

数学形态滤波是根据形态学原理创建的一种新型滤波方法,目前在信号处理的诸多领域得到成功运用。本文从形态滤波的基本原理出发,引入了一种多结构元素组成的滤波器用于大地电磁噪声消除。通过数值模拟展示了多结构元素滤波器的滤波效果,表明多结构元素滤波器在小尺度的范围内也有较好的滤波性能。同时,实测大地电磁信号的重构曲线和其视电阻率曲线显示多结构元素形态滤波对大地电磁噪声中的大尺度干扰噪声,如方波噪声和三角波噪声等,有较好的抑制作用,说明多结构元素形态滤波在大地电磁去噪中有较好的应用价值。     

闸控河网水文-水动力-水质耦合数学模型——I.理论

针对流域级闸控大型河网水环境日常管理的应用需求与实际特点,将资料适应性强的水文学方法与数据要求相对严苛的水动力-水质数值模型相融合,构建了一维与二维嵌套、分块组合的闸控大型河网水文-水动力-水质耦合数学模型DHQM（Hydrology, Hydrodynamics, and Water Quality Model for Impounded Rivers）。模型由河道径流模拟、闸坝调度过程模拟、河道水质模拟、区间入流及入河污染负荷估算和水质预警实时校正等5个模块组成。模型可服务于水环境实时预警和调度,也可为闸坝水文环境效应的量化提供基础工具。     

基于积分方程法的任意形状源多次激发三维电磁场反演

利用积分方程和阻尼最小二乘法,对任意形状源多个位置激发下三维异常体的电磁场进行了反演计算。计算中将任意形状源条件下多组激发点和接收点的电磁场数据统一考虑,求出了此种条件下的雅克比矩阵,反演得到了地下异常体的电阻率分布。模型试算结果表明,反演收敛速度快,对初值依赖性小,结果准确可靠。     

四川木里梭罗沟金矿床特征

四川木里梭罗沟金矿床位于甘孜—理塘构造成矿带的南段、唐央复式背斜南东倾伏端(或唐央穹窿南缘),目前已探明储量属大型岩金矿床。矿体产于上三叠统曲嘎寺组蚀变基性火山岩中,受近东西向断裂控制。矿床具多期成矿特点,属构造蚀变岩型—中低温热液型金矿床。     

河北平原区煤炭勘查中的多矿种兼探

煤炭勘查区实行多资源多矿种综合兼探,一是与煤共伴生矿种的勘查,二是与煤不同地质时代的层叠型矿种的勘查,实现气、液、固态矿种的三维立体式综合勘查。河北平原区煤炭勘查以石炭-二叠系煤层为主,其上覆盖有多时代的地层且含矿丰富,建议利用煤炭勘查钻孔同步进行多资源多矿种统一勘查,或煤铝兼探、煤铀兼探、盐卤兼探、煤层气页岩气兼探、热气兼探等,以拓宽煤炭地质找矿方向。     

多情景粮食安全底线约束下的中国耕地保护弹性空间

科学解析中国耕地数量保多少与如何保等问题对保障国家粮食安全与资源环境可持续发展具有重要意义。面向共享社会经济路径（SSPs）的多情景粮食安全底线约束,本文试图利用耕地保有量、人口预测、粮食需求估算、单产提升潜力衰减等模型方法,依据产能特征—健康状态—耕作条件—利用水平的多维度耕地保护紧迫性评估框架,通过耦合时间序列的数量边界控制与空间尺度的区域规则约束刻画出中国的耕地保护弹性空间。在满足个人基本营养安全与作物单产条件干扰变量恒定的假设前提下,研究发现：① 中国多情景耕地保有量在2020—2100年间呈下降态势,现有耕地数量足以维持长期的粮食安全,但短期内则仅勉强达到理论粮食安全的临界区间1.40×10⁸~1.59×10⁸ hm²。② 不同维度耕地保护紧迫性在九大农业区划内呈现差异化分布特征,自然条件优越且适宜耕作的黄淮海平原区与长江中下游地区是综合紧迫性高值地块集聚区域。③ 可持续情景与区域冲突情景分别代表粮食安全底线约束下的最小与最大耕地保有量情景,在当前国际形势下,中国应保证短期（2035年内）可休耕量不高于9.29%。④ 基于时空耦合划定的耕地保护弹性空间可分为优先保护、严格管控、休养生息、战略储备、整治修复和特殊保护6类,不同空间的耕地保护弹性强度、目标与任务各有侧重。整体而言,耕地保护弹性空间的划定思路有助于农业结构调整、休耕政策完善等耕地空间规划体系构建,对中国耕地保护制度转型具有借鉴价值。