线阵推扫影像的核线模型研究

通过对线阵CCD推扫式影像和框幅式中心投影影像的核线理论的对比研究，建立了线阵CCD推扫式影像的核线理论，并探讨了它的基本特性，从而为核线在线阵CCD推扫式影像中的应用提供了理论基础。     

利用AMTIS数据反演植被和土壤温度

遥感陆面温度 (LST)是目前遥感界面临的重要课题 ,组分温度反演则为LST反演的主攻目标。如果混合像元组分间的温度及发射率存在明显差别 ,就可以从多角度热辐射亮度变化中分离出组分温度的信息。在热辐射矩阵模型的基础上 ,讨论了确定可反演参数和反演组分温度的方法 ,并以AMTIS多角度热红外图像为数据源 ,在进行几何和大气纠正后 ,尝试利用矩阵反演方法分解混合像元中的植被和土壤温度。误差分析表明土壤温度反演结果较好 ,但植被温度的反演精度不高     

电子地图中线状要素移动注记关键问题研究

探讨了电子地图移动注记的几个关键问题 ,提出了将分段注记和移动注记相结合的思想 ,并在此基础上提出了采用回溯法解决注记之间的冲突 ,从而较好地解决了图幅移动之后某些屏幕内线状要素注记不可见或表达模糊的问题 ,实现了注记输出的完整性和美观性的统一 ,提高了图形输出的效率 ,节省了存储空间 ,在实际应用中取得了较好的效果 ,充分体现了电子地图在线状要素注记显示这一环节的优越性     

Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model

The retreat of valley glaciers has a dramatic effect on the stability of glaciated valleys and exerts a prolonged influence on the subsequent fluvial sediment transport regime. We have studied the evolution of an idealized glaciated valley during the period following retreat of ice using a numerical model. The model incorporates a stochastic process to represent deep‐seated landsliding, non‐linear diffusion to represent shallow landsliding and an approximation of the Bagnold relation to represent fluvial sediment transport. It was calibrated using field data from several recent surveys within British Columbia, Canada. We present ensemble model results and compare them with results from a deterministic linear‐diffusion model to show that explicit representation of large landslides is necessary to reproduce the morphology and channel network structure of a typical postglacial valley. Our model predicts a rapid rate of fluvial sediment transport following deglaciation with a subsequent gradual decline, similar to that inferred for Holocene time. We also describe how changes in the model parameters affect the estimated magnitude and duration of the paraglacial sediment pulse. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on comparison between absolute and relative input energy spectra and effects of ductility factor

Introduction Estimation of an attenuation relationship for strong ground motion parameters has been an interesting research subject in the field of engineering seismology and has played a very important role in seismic safety evaluation, seismic zoning, seismic hazard evaluation of major constructions, etc. At present, the generally used parameters include peak acceleration, peak velocity and elastic response spectrum. Such parameters mentioned above are essentially independent of the duration…     

Channel geometry of mountain streams in New Zealand

A dataset of 21 study reaches in the Porter and Kowai rivers (eastern side of the South Island), and 13 study reaches in Camp Creek and adjacent catchments (western side of the South Island) was used to examine downstream hydraulic geometry of mountain streams in New Zealand. Streams in the eastern and western regions both exhibit well-developed downstream hydraulic geometry, as indicated by strong correlations between channel top width, bankfull depth, mean velocity, and bankfull discharge. Exponents for the hydraulic geometry relations are similar to average values for rivers worldwide. Factors such as colluvial sediment input to the channels, colluvial processes along the channels, tectonic uplift, and discontinuous bedrock exposure along the channels might be expected to complicate adjustment of channel geometry to downstream increases in discharge. The presence of well-developed downstream hydraulic geometry relations despite these complicating factors is interpreted to indicate that the ratio of hydraulic driving forces to substrate resisting forces is sufficiently large to permit channel adjustment to relatively frequent discharges.     

A practical method for estimating dynamic soil stiffness on surface of multi‐layered soil

It is important to estimate the influence of layered soil in soil–structure interaction analyses. Although a great number of investigations have been carried out on this subject, there are very few practical methods that do not require complex calculations. In this paper, a simple and practical method for estimating the horizontal dynamic stiffness of a rigid foundation on the surface of multi‐layered soil is proposed. In this method, waves propagating in the soil are traced using the conception of the cone model, and the impulse response function can be calculated directly and easily in the time domain with a good degree of accuracy. The characteristics of the impedance, that is the transformed value to the frequency domain of the obtained impulse response, are studied using two‐ to four‐layered soil models. The cause of the fluctuation of impedance is expressed clearly from its relation to reflected waves from the lower layer boundary in the model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developing efficient scalar and vector intensity measures for IDA capacity estimation by incorporating elastic spectral shape information

Scalar and vector intensity measures are developed for the efficient estimation of limit‐state capacities through incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) by exploiting the elastic spectral shape of individual records. IDA is a powerful analysis method that involves subjecting a structural model to several ground motion records, each scaled to multiple levels of intensity (measured by the intensity measure or IM), thus producing curves of structural response parameterized by the IM on top of which limit‐states can be defined and corresponding capacities can be calculated. When traditional IMs are used, such as the peak ground acceleration or the first‐mode spectral acceleration, the IM‐values of the capacities can display large record‐to‐record variability, forcing the use of many records to achieve reliable results. By using single optimal spectral values as well as vectors and scalar combinations of them on three multistorey buildings significant dispersion reductions are realized. Furthermore, IDA is extended to vector IMs, resulting in intricate fractile IDA surfaces. The results reveal the most influential spectral regions/periods for each limit‐state and building, illustrating the evolution of such periods as the seismic intensity and the structural response increase towards global collapse. The ordinates of the elastic spectrum and the spectral shape of each individual record are found to significantly influence the seismic performance and they are shown to provide promising candidates for highly efficient IMs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolutionary aseismic design and retrofit of structures with passive energy dissipation

A new computational framework is developed for the design and retrofit of building structures by considering aseismic design as a complex adaptive process. For the initial phase of the development within this framework, genetic algorithms are employed for the discrete optimization of passively damped structural systems. The passive elements may include metallic plate dampers, viscous fluid dampers and viscoelastic solid dampers. The primary objective is to determine robust designs, including both the non‐linearity of the structural system and the uncertainty of the seismic environment. Within the present paper, this computational design approach is applied to a series of model problems, involving sizing and placement of passive dampers for energy dissipation. In order to facilitate our investigations and provide a baseline for further study, we introduce several simplifications for these initial examples. In particular, we employ deterministic lumped parameter structural models, memoryless fitness function definitions and hypothetical seismic environments. Despite these restrictions, some interesting results are obtained from the simulations and we are able to gain an understanding of the potential for the proposed evolutionary aseismic design methodology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用可见光/近红外反射光谱估算土壤总氮含量的实验研究

利用土壤的室内反射率光谱，探讨土壤氮元素的高光谱机理。利用土壤光谱各吸收带的特征参数与总氮含量进行逐步回归运算，确定与氮元素关系比较密切的几个吸收带。计算出这几个特征吸收带内土壤反射率的变化形式：一阶导数(FDR)、倒数(1/R)、倒数之对数(log(1/R))、波段深度(Depth)，并与总氮含量进行逐步回归分析，得到比较理想的结果：建模样本的Ra^2(修正的判定系数)分别为0．789、0．753、0．736、0．699，验证样本的Ra^2分别为0．759、0．468、0．794、0．725。可见土壤的反射率光谱与氮元素含量之间存在比较明显的相关性，可见光／近红外反射光谱具有快速估算土壤中氮元素含量的潜力。