苏里格气田西区低阻气层成因分析

苏里格气田西区上古生界二叠系的主要含气目的层为盒8段及山1段,而此区域高阻气层与低阻气层共存,运用电阻率难以区分气层与水层,这给测井评价带来很大难度。因此正确认识低阻气层的成因,对准确识别储层中流体类型十分重要。本次研究从沉积背景、储层岩性、储层物性和钻井工程的角度出发,对低阻气层的成因和特点进行了分析,认为粘土矿物分布,泥浆滤液侵入是造成气层低阻的主要因素,而高不动水饱和度是引起该区气层低阻的最主要原因。另外高地层水矿化度,也是造成该区低阻的成因。通过此次研究,其成果可为该区低阻气层的正确识别和评价提供重要依据。     

天然气水合物泥浆制冷系统的野外试验研究

天然气水合物钻探取样过程中,泥浆制冷系统具有十分重要的作用。介绍了吉林大学研制的天然气水合物泥浆制冷系统的结构及工作原理。通过在西藏羌塘盆地、祁连山木里盆地和东北漠河盆地大兴安岭地区的野外应用试验,表明该套系统应用范围广,工作性能稳定可靠,可用于高海拔、高纬度的冻土带等特殊地区的水合物钻探。     

植物胶冲洗液在海洋勘察钻进护孔中的试验应用

海洋工程钻探由于受到环境条件的限制,常用海水配制泥浆。由于海水中含盐以及杂质中的Ga2+、Mg2+均对浆液的性能造成破坏,为此,通过对泥浆材料进行选择、配比,并经实践试验得出适合海上钻探环境的护壁泥浆,有效解决了海上钻探泥浆材料选择和具体配制问题。     

Variations in Phosphorus Speciation in Response to Simulated Riparian Zone Enhancement with Red Mud to Treat Reclaimed Water

Variations in phosphorus speciation in two sets of simulated riparian zones with and without Perennial ryegrass were compared. Each set consisted of four units, each measuring 700 mm × 200 mm × 200 mm, which were enhanced with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% red mud (RM) by weight. The levels of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the effluent were analyzed, and phosphorus fractionation in the media were also determined after the systems had been operational for 3 months. The results showed that the unit received 2.5% RM had the highest rate of phosphorus removal, including TP, TDP, SRP, particulate phosphorus (PP), and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were present at the average concentrations of 0.17, 0.10, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.03 mg/L in the effluent. Sequential phosphorus fractionation showed that calcium‐bound phosphorus (Ca–P) was the major component, indicating that the addition of RM induced aluminum/iron‐bound phosphorus (Al/Fe–P), which was intensely bioactive, to form intractable Ca–P, which further inhibited the release of phosphorus from the media. However, the presence of P. ryegrass had little effect on the removal of phosphorus. Therefore, RM, when used directly in riparian zones at a suitable concentration, is a novel and low cost additive material that can be used to remove phosphorus from reclaimed water.     

Removal of Selenium Species from Waters Using Various Surface‐Modified Natural Particles and Waste Materials

Waste red mud and natural pumice/volcanic slag particles were surface modified and their selenium adsorption from waters was investigated. Acid activation/heat treatment of original red mud (ORM) particles significantly increased their micropore and external surface area and cumulative volume of pores. Iron oxide coating of pumice/slags and acid activation of ORM decreased their pH_pzc values and increased surface acidity. Selenite/selenate adsorption on iron oxide surfaces and acid activated red mud (AARM) was very fast with approximately first‐order adsorption kinetics. Iron oxide coating of pumice/slag and acid activation of ORM particles significantly enhanced their selenite and selenate uptakes. Maximum Se adsorption capacities as high as 6.3 (mg Se/g adsorbent) were obtained by AARM. The extent of selenate uptakes by the surface modified particles was generally lower than those of selenite. Due to competition among Se species and other background water matrix for iron oxide adsorption sites, reduced selenite/selenate uptakes were found in natural water compared to single solute tests. Higher Se uptakes by iron oxide surfaces were found at pH 7.5 compared to pH 8.9, due to increased electrostatic repulsion among iron oxides and Se species at higher pH. The most effective adsorbents among the tested 17 different particles for Se uptake were AARM and iron oxide coated pumice. Se concentrations less than drinking water standards (5–10 µg/L) can be achieved by these particles. These low‐cost, natural, or recyclable waste particles appear to be promising adsorbents for Se removal after their surface modification.     

“泥科学与应用技术”的提出及研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,以淤泥、污泥为代表的各种泥状物产量巨大,接近于城市垃圾的数量。而各种泥的性状及污染物种类非常复杂、多样,经济、安全地进行各种泥的处理和利用已经成为一个重要的问题。各种泥状物虽然种类不同、成分各异,但具有很多共同的物理、化学性质。在处理方面也具有以脱水为主的减量化、以污染物稳定为主的无害化、以改变性质后进行利用为主的资源化的途径上的一致性。此外,泥所具有的一些特殊性质也能够被利用来解决一些特殊的问题。长期以来,各种泥的科学研究和处理技术分布在各行各业,使用的概念、指标不能统一,技术和方法隔离发展,影响了对于泥的基础理论和技术的发展。针对这些问题,提出了建立“泥科学与应用技术”的学科方向,对于泥的主要种类和问题,处理泥中所遇到的热点问题以及几个典型的研究进行了综述,为解决泥的问题进行了分析和总结。     

南海海泥中甲烷水合物生成特性的实验研究

在定容条件下,实验研究了甲烷水合物在含水量不同的多孔海泥中的生成特性。所使用的海泥平均孔径为12178 nm,总孔容为4997×10-2 ml/g,比表面积为16412 m2/g。所用海泥样品含水量为40%,实验的温度范围为27415~28115 K,初始生成压力范围为102~144 MPa。实验结果表明,甲烷水合物在海泥中的生成速率以及气体消耗量随着初始压力的增加而增大,随着温度的降低而增大。海泥的复杂孔隙结构能够促进水合物的成核,但会降低水的最终转化率,其作用随着温度的升高与压力的降低而增大。     

Changes during late-stage embryonic development from egg-juvenile to free-living hatchling in Chinese freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae)

This study expands on recent reports that direct development in the Chinese potamid freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense involves the completion of all brachyuran larval stages (nauplius, zoea, and megalopa) inside the egg case during embryonic development. Detailed studies of embryonic development in this species revealed the presence of an additional larval stage (the egg-juvenile) between the megalopa and the free-living hatchling crab. We described and compared the appendages of the head, thorax, and abdomen of the egg-juvenile with those of the hatchling crab in S. yangtsekiense. Significant differences were found between most of the appendages of these two stages with a soft exoskeleton in the egg-juvenile, no joint articulation, a slimmer appearance, and a lack of setae when compared with the newly emerged free-living hatchling crab. These modifications of the appendages are related to the confinement within the egg case of the egg-megalopa and egg-juvenile during direct development, and the need for the free-living hatchling freshwater crab to move, feed, and respire. In marine crabs, the megalopa gives rise to the first crab stage whereas in freshwater crabs the egg-juvenile follows the megalopa and immediately precedes the free-living first crab stage.     

10种蟹类18S rDNA 和COⅠ基因序列分析及其分子系统发育研究

应用分子系统发育学的方法,以蟹类18S rDNA和线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因序列片段为分子标记,结合形态学特征对10种蟹类的分类地位进行探讨。实验共获得10 条18S rDNA序列,长度为1780~1787 bp,其中A、T, G,C平均含量分别为23.72%, 24.58%,24.52%和27.17%;通过序列对比,发现18S rDNA序列相对保守,只含有1个从88 bp 到130 bp 约 50 bp的高可变区;物种间碱基距离比较小,从0.001到0.017。18S rDNA系统发育树为方蟹总科、沙蟹总科和梭子蟹总科起源于同-海洋蟹类祖先提供了分于生物q证惦,开上火亚N内尔量分别为26.88%.弓蟹科。获得的5条CO Ⅰ基因序列,长度均为709 bp,A、T,G、C平均含量分别为26.88%,37.62%,17.50%和18.00%;COⅠ基因片段变异性高,物种间碱基距离从0.016到0.138。COⅠ基因系统发育树真实地反映了住属各物种之间的进化关系,和传统分类非常吻合,为形态特征相似的姆类鉴定提供了-种快速准确的方法。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹饲料中胆固醇的适宜添加量研究

采用单因素实验设计方法, 以初始体重为20g左右的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹为实验对象, 胆固醇添加量为0.003%、0.3339%、0.655%、0.986%、1.303%和1.628%的实验饲料投喂8周, 研究其胆固醇需求量。结果表明, 饲料中添加0.003%—1.628%胆固醇对各处理组的存 活率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。随饲料胆固醇水平的上升, 三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的增重率呈先上升后下降的趋势, 当饲料胆固醇水平≥0.655%时, 三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的增重率呈下降趋势。折线模型表明, 饲料中胆固醇添加量为0.6%时, 三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的增重率、性腺指数和壳宽增加达到最高值。根据增重率折线模型结果, 作者认为三疣梭子蟹幼蟹饲料中添加0.6%左右胆固醇较为适宜