氯化钾诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体参数的优化

基于受精卵早期发育形态学的观察,对利用氯化钾诱导中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)三倍体的条件进行了优化.实验结果表明:中华绒螯蟹受精卵在产出后经历了变圆、体积膨大及卵黄团物质位置移动的过程;在15℃下,中华绒螯蟹受精卵在产出后40 min左右释放第一极体,80 min左右孵化膜形成并举起,5 h左右第二极体释放;氯化钾诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体的优化参数为:产卵后1.5～2.0 h,用6 g/L的氯化钾处理4 h;孵化膜形成并举起可以作为中华绒螯蟹三倍体诱导开始点的形态学标记,其最高诱导率可以达到100%.实验结果为实现中华绒螯蟹三倍体苗种的批量生产提供了参考和依据.     

长江口北槽细颗粒悬沙絮凝体的沉降速率的近似估算

利用都必须学法获得了长江口北槽口内、外2个站位的悬沙浓度垂线分布资料，通过Rouse公式拟合法，计算了分别与它们相对应的絮凝体沉降速率。计算结果表明：（1）长江口北槽细颗粒悬沙絮凝体沉降速率主要集中在1.0-3.0mm s^-1；（2）北槽口内，平均悬沙浓度与絮凝体沉降速率的关系；ωx=1.14-↑C^1.03；（3）北槽口内，控制絮凝体沉降速率的物理因素是平均悬沙浓度，而北槽口外，影响絮凝体沉降速率的物理因素为盐度和悬沙颗粒粒径。     

砂粒粒径与砂层厚度对单体筐养养殖系统中三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响研究

在三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的单体筐养养殖系统中, 试验了生态掩体(砂盒)中不同的砂粒粒径大小以及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响。砂粒粒径设三个水平,分别为: >2mm、<0.2mm 以及混合砂; 砂层厚度有0cm、2cm、5cm、8cm 四个水平。试验共进行6天, 结果表明: 砂粒粒径及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食与生长都有明显的影响。从砂粒粒径看, 幼蟹在细砂(SPS)中挖洞休息, 蟹体与砂面呈30—45°角, 仅露眼睛及触角在外。一天内有3—6 次进食,总进食时间为(142.7±22.52)min, 在摄食次数、总进食时间、平均摄食量[(0.2427±0.0137) g/gBW]、以及蜕皮及成活率都远高于其它粒径组, 该组中幼蟹的体重增长最快, 增加了(0.814±0.113)g, 增长率为91.5%±3.43%; 而该组的饵料系数(FCR)最低为1.17±0.11。因此, 筐养养殖系统砂掩体的砂粒粒径最好为0.2 mm 以下。砂层厚度也有类似结果, 5 cm 以上厚度养殖效果最佳。平均摄食量为(0.2087±0.0046) g/gBW, 该厚度下, 幼蟹无死亡、100%蜕皮, 体重也增加最快, 增加了(0.791±0.121)g, 增长率为88.9%±3.74%, 饵料系数(FCR)达到1.37±0.23, 表明筐养系统掩体中砂层厚度要在5 cm 以上。三种保护性酶类(SOD, POD, CAT)活性随着砂粒粒径变小和砂层厚度增加而降低, 而消化酶类(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂酶)活性则表现与保护性酶类相反特性。从两类酶的活性变化也能证实, 在优选条件下(细砂、厚度>5 cm), 幼蟹所受的胁迫在降低。     

东海大陆架海域经济蟹类种类组成和数量分布

根据1998年5月、8月、11月和1999年2月东海区虾蟹类资源调查结果,用重量资源密度作为经济蟹类数量分布的数量指标,对东海区经济蟹类的种类组成、数量分布、季节变化趋势以及数量与环境的关系作了定量分析。结果表明,在东海调查海区,经济蟹类主要有细点圆趾蟹Ovalipes punctatus、三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus、日本蟳Charybdis japonica、锈斑蟳Charybdis feriatus、武士蟳Charybdis miles、光掌蟳Charybdis riversandersoni和红星梭子蟹Portunus sanguinolentus等。经济蟹类渔获量约占蟹类总渔获量的62.8%,渔获量的季节变化明显,年间有二个汛期,一个出现在春夏季,以细点圆趾蟹为主要捕捞对象,兼捕光掌蟳、日本蟳等,渔场的主体分布在东海北部近海,渔场范围较小,蟹群集中,是捕捞生产条件较为理想的渔场;另一个出现在秋冬季,以三疣梭子蟹为主要捕捞对象,兼捕武士蟳、日本蟳、锈斑蟳、红星梭子蟹等。高生物量分布区主要出现在长江口、大沙、舟山渔场20—60m水深海域,是东海三疣梭子蟹和日本蟳的主要渔场,该渔场也是捕捞条件较为理想的渔场。在长江口以南的东海南部海域也有经济蟹类的较高生物量分布区,是武士蟳和锈斑蟳的渔场,该渔场具有范围较大,蟹群较分散的特征,所捕捞的品种往往只能作为兼捕对象。     

快速筑堤技术——鲎式轻质堤坝的结构和筑堤方法

针对软基堤坝稳定性差,容易沉陷滑移,土石方堆不上,工期长,无法快速施工等问题,提出了鲎式轻质堤坝结构和筑堤方法,又称"松垒筑堤法".它减轻了易沉陷部位的质量,均衡堤坝荷重,增强整体稳定性,提高强度,使堤坝与地基溶为一体,消除了堤坝的不均匀沉降;是一种在软弱地基上应用仿生结构的筑堤方法.     

AN EXPERIMENT ON INDUCTION OF TRIPLOIDY IN ERIOCHEIR JAPONICUS HEPUENSIS DAI BY HEAT TREATMENT

Temperature treatment to inhibit extrusion of the polar body of the egg was first used on a lower crustacean, Anemia salina (Gross, 1932), and then was used for inducing triploids of amphibian (Frankhauser and Griffiths, 1939), fish (Svardson, 1945), and mammal (Beatly and Fishchberg, 1949).So far, induction of triploidy has been extensively used to obtain sterile or quick-growth individuals in fish (Swarup, 1956; Lincoln.and Scott, 1983 and Thorgaard, 1986) and mollusk (Stanley et al., 1984), but similar work has not been reported on crab, a higher crustacean.     

Gravel washing wastes from Jarama river deposits (Spain): an undervalued natural raw material

This work presents the main characteristics of 97 quarry wastes, collected in 23 gravel pits, from the Jarama river area, Madrid province, Spain. In this area, more than 2.5 × 10⁶ ton of silty-clay waste are generated every year, and no applications have as yet been defined for them. This work is the first systematic study of the fine fractions generated from the Jarama river quaternary deposits, playing part in the comprehension of this complex terrace systems. Quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, calcite, and complex mixtures of phyllosilicates, such as smectite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layer, have been detected. Two sets of waste which are recognized according to the calcite content, have been directly related with the terrace level beneficed in the Jarama river, and the position along the valley. Calcite concentrates in the wastes produced in the lower course, where Henares and Tajuña tributaries promote an extensive change in the geochemistry of underground water, and locally, in the petrology of quarried conglomerates. This clear distinction by location between calcite-bearing and calcite-free wastes is essential for potential applications, such as soil conditioning, raw materials for brick or tiles, etc. The wastes studied can be considered as a potential source of industrial raw materials because of their uniformity and large volume. This suggestion is now being carried out, with an attempt at assessing the possibilities of using these mining wastes as ceramic raw materials.     

Unusual eruption of the Main Pugachevo gas-water-lithoclastic (Mud) volcano in Sakhalin during the Winter of 2005

The examination of the Main Pugachevo gas-water-lithoclastic volcano during the summer of 2005 and GPS-controlled large-scale (1: 1000) mapping revealed its regular but rather peculiar eruption. It was the largest among the eruptions investigated since 1911 and produced a very unusual lithoclastic field with an area of about 100 000 m² and a volume of about 100 000 m³. The eruption occurred from three distinct active centers and began with a vigorous explosion-like gas burst from one center followed by the noncontemporaneous discharge of a gas-and water-saturated liquid lithoclastic mass from the three centers, which produced a number of flows of different directions and sizes. The flows almost completely covered the smoothed flat open area of the volcano and even invaded the larch forest surrounding the volcano, where they bent, overturned, broke, and occasionally uprooted and dragged over some distance some large trees. The analysis and comparison with all the previously documented eruptions of the Main Pugachevo gas-water-lithoclastic volcano revealed their fairly diverse, sometimes strongly variable character with respect to many parameters: the amount of ejected lithoclastic material; the number of eruption centers; and the proportions of the erupted gaseous, liquid, and solid components. In general, the eruptions show a distinctly multirank periodic character: relatively minor or small low-rank eruptions take place once every 1–2 yr, and large eruptions of a higher rank are much less frequent (supposedly, once in 70 years).     

对依兰煤田钻孔缩径挤夹钻具事故的认识

针对依兰煤田钻探施工中出现的钻孔缩径挤夹钻具事故,提出产生事故的根本原因不是因岩层本身膨胀所致,而是由于某种岩层裂隙发育,渗透性良好,吸水性强,使钻孔孔壁泥皮迅速增厚所致,并提出预防事故的具体措施。     

Sedimentology and stratigraphy of a transgressive, muddy gravel beach: Waterside Beach, Bay of Fundy, Canada

Sediments exposed at low tide on the transgressive, hypertidal (>6 m tidal range) Waterside Beach, New Brunswick, Canada permit the scrutiny of sedimentary structures and textures that develop at water depths equivalent to the upper and lower shoreface. Waterside Beach sediments are grouped into eleven sedimentologically distinct deposits that represent three depositional environments: (1) sandy foreshore and shoreface; (2) tidal‐creek braid‐plain and delta; and, (3) wave‐formed gravel and sand bars, and associated deposits. The sandy foreshore and shoreface depositional environment encompasses the backshore; moderately dipping beachface; and a shallowly seaward‐dipping terrace of sandy middle and lower intertidal, and muddy sub‐tidal sediments. Intertidal sediments reworked and deposited by tidal creeks comprise the tidal‐creek braid plain and delta. Wave‐formed sand and gravel bars and associated deposits include: sediment sourced from low‐amplitude, unstable sand bars; gravel deposited from large (up to 5·5 m high, 800 m long), landward‐migrating gravel bars; and zones of mud deposition developed on the landward side of the gravel bars. The relationship between the gravel bars and mud deposits, and between mud‐laden sea water and beach gravels provides mechanisms for the deposition of mud beds, and muddy clast‐ and matrix‐supported conglomerates in ancient conglomeratic successions. Idealized sections are presented as analogues for ancient conglomerates deposited in transgressive systems. Where tidal creeks do not influence sedimentation on the beach, the preserved sequence consists of a gravel lag overlain by increasingly finer‐grained shoreface sediments. Conversely, where tidal creeks debouch onto the beach, erosion of the underlying salt marsh results in deposition of a thicker, more complex beach succession. The thickness of this package is controlled by tidal range, sedimentation rate, and rate of transgression. The tidal‐creek influenced succession comprises repeated sequences of: a thin mud bed overlain by muddy conglomerate, sandy conglomerate, a coarse lag, and capped by trough cross‐bedded sand and gravel.