Formation of mud clast breccias and the process of sedimentary autobrecciation in the hominin-bearing (Homo naledi) Rising Star Cave system,South Africa

Unconsolidated mud clast breccia facies in the hominin-bearing (Homo naledi) Rising Star Cave, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, are interpreted to have formed through a process termed sedimentary autobrecciation in this study. This process, by which most of the angular mud clast breccia deposits are thought to have formed autochthonously to para-autochthonously via a combination of erosion, desiccation, diagenesis and microbial alteration of laminated mud deposits, is thought to have taken place under relatively dry (i.e. non-flooded) conditions inside the cave. Subsequently, gravitational slumping and collapse was the dominant mechanism that produced the mud clast breccia deposits, which commonly accumulate into debris aprons. The mud clast breccia is typically associated with (micro) mammal fossils and is a common facies throughout the cave system, occurring in lithified and unlithified form. This facies has not been described from other cave localities in the Cradle of Humankind. Additionally, sedimentary autobrecciation took place during the deposition of some of the fossils within the Rising Star Cave, including the abundant Homo naledi skeletal remains found in the Dinaledi Subsystem. Reworking of the mud clast breccia deposits occurs in some chambers as they slump towards floor drains, resulting in the repositioning of fossils embedded in the breccias as evidenced by cross-cutting manganese staining lines on some Homo naledi fossil remains. The formation of the unlithified mud clast breccia deposits is a slow process, with first order formation rates estimated to be ca 8 × 10⁻⁴ mm year⁻¹. The slow formation of the unlithified mud clast breccia facies sediments and lack of laminated mud facies within these deposits, indicates that conditions in the Dinaledi Chamber were probably stable and dry for at least the last ca 300 ka, meaning that this study excludes Homo naledi being actively transported by fluvial mechanisms during the time their remains entered the cave.     

提高地浸钻孔出水量的有效技术措施

地浸钻孔是一种以采矿为目的的钻孔,提高钻孔出水量就是提高钻孔的采矿量。通过对多年地浸钻孔施工经验和理论进行分析,发现影响钻孔出水量的主要因素为钻井泥浆的成分和性能以及人工过滤层的渗透性差异,提出在地浸钻孔施工方案中采用植物胶净化泥浆钻进和扩孔、投砾罐射吸式填砾、物理化学组合洗井3种技术措施,对比前后施工钻孔的出水量大小,证明了该技术措施对提高地浸钻孔出水量具有良好的效果。     

巨厚松散层裸孔施工技术措施

针对巨厚松散层在钻孔施工中易出现钻孔孔壁坍塌、掉块、缩径,造成埋钻、粘钻、卡钻,找不到原孔而形成岔孔等钻孔事故,简述了在巨厚松散层钻孔裸孔安全施工的要点和注意事项。     

2008年汶川地震(Ms8.0)非对称同震破碎带的确定:来自WFSD-1随钻流体的证据

地震过程中相当可观的一部分能量消耗于裂隙的活化与形成,来自汶川地震断裂带科学钻探一号孔(WFSD-1)的随钻流体表明,地震新形成的裂隙对应有较强的流体异常,它们为流体的入侵提供了良好的通道。随钻流体呈非对称性分布于主滑移面的两侧,主要的流体异常带集中在主滑移带下方须家河组顶部120 m范围内,该带中气体的含量以及变动的频率明显高于上部相同的宽度范围以及下部沉积岩层,来自地球物理测井的资料同样显示这一带破碎严重并伴随有大量水的侵入,暗示汶川地震形成的裂隙具有非对称性分布的特征。这一特征可能同时受控于断裂上盘彭灌杂岩与下盘须家河组岩层的力学性质差异以及地震破裂过程中形成的非对称性应力分布。     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床泥底辟流体成矿特征初探

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程与油气的生成有许多相似之处,泥底辟构造在金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程中起着极为重要的作用。首先,随着泥底辟的上侵,塑性泥流夹带大量气体到构造圈闭中释放压力,扩大成矿空间;其次,流体的去气作用在构造圈闭中进行一系列的强改造活动,进而促使铅锌矿体的形成。文章通过对金顶铅锌矿床形成有关的泥底辟流体的来源、流体形成原因、流体在张性-挤压走滑盆地阶段的演化及金顶铅锌矿床成矿的泥底辟流体特征的分析,认为兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的形成与泥底辟构造密切相关,该矿床具泥底辟流体的成矿特征。     

陆相油藏中砂泥岩互层时移地震遮掩效应及其对时移地震资料解释的影响

从差异波形特征的角度出发,分析时移地震差异波形特征与砂泥岩互层油藏中油层速度变化的关系。通过建立由5层地层组成的楔形地质模型,运用褶积公式及时移地震求差公式,得到泥岩速度为2 400 m/s和砂岩速度为2 700m/s条件下,互层中砂岩速度变化±150 m/s的时移地震响应。研究结果表明:砂泥岩互层的差异波形是一个多峰复合波,泥岩夹层的厚度是决定差异波形特征的一个主要因素,并且存在一个临界值,即四分之一主波长;如果泥岩夹层的厚度小于这一临界值,就会发生遮掩效应,即顶部油层的时移地震响应可以掩盖中、下部油层的时移地震响应。     

Mud dispersal across a Cretaceous prodelta: Storm‐generated,wave‐enhanced sediment gravity flows inferred from mudstone microtexture and microfacies

Determining sediment transport direction in ancient mudrocks is difficult. In order to determine both process and direction of mud transport, a portion of a well‐mapped Cretaceous delta system was studied. Oriented samples from outcrop represent prodelta environments from ca 10 to 120 km offshore. Oriented thin sections of mudstone, cut in three planes, allowed bed microstructure and palaeoflow directions to be determined. Clay mineral platelets are packaged in equant, face‐face aggregates 2 to 5 μm in diameter that have a random orientation; these aggregates may have formed through flocculation in fluid mud. Cohesive mud was eroded by storms to make intraclastic aggregates 5 to 20 μm in diameter. Mudstone beds are millimetre‐scale, and four microfacies are recognized: Well‐sorted siltstone forms millimetre‐scale combined‐flow ripples overlying scoured surfaces; deposition was from turbulent combined flow. Silt‐streaked claystone comprises parallel, sub‐millimetre laminae of siliceous silt and clay aggregates sorted by shear in the boundary layer beneath a wave‐supported gravity flow of fluid mud. Silty claystone comprises fine siliceous silt grains floating in a matrix of clay and was deposited by vertical settling as fluid mud gelled under minimal current shear. Homogeneous clay‐rich mudstone has little silt and may represent late‐stage settling of fluid mud, or settling from wave‐dissipated fluid mud. It is difficult or impossible to correlate millimetre‐scale beds between thin sections from the same sample, spaced only ca 20 mm apart, due to lateral facies change and localized scour and fill. Combined‐flow ripples in siltstone show strong preferred migration directly down the regional prodelta slope, estimated at ca 1 : 1000. Ripple migration was effected by drag exerted by an overlying layer of downslope‐flowing, wave‐supported fluid mud. In the upper part of the studied section, centimetre‐scale interbeds of very fine to fine‐grained sandstone show wave ripple crests trending shore normal, whereas combined‐flow ripples migrated obliquely alongshore and offshore. Storm winds blowing from the north‐east drove shore‐oblique geostrophic sand transport whereas simultaneously, wave‐supported flows of fluid mud travelled downslope under the influence of gravity. Effective wave base for sand, estimated at ca 40 m, intersected the prodelta surface ca 80 km offshore whereas wave base for mud was at ca 70 m and lay ca 120 km offshore. Small‐scale bioturbation of mud beds co‐occurs with interbedded sandstone but stratigraphically lower, sand‐free mudstone has few or no signs of benthic fauna. It is likely that a combination of soupground substrate, frequent storm emplacement of fluid mud, low nutrient availability and possibly reduced bottom‐water oxygen content collectively inhibited benthic fauna in the distal prodelta.     

吸水树脂用于废弃泥浆处理的试验研究

工程施工过程中将产生大量废弃泥浆,如何妥善地处理这些泥浆受到了广泛的关注。针对这一问题,设计了系列试验,研究吸水树脂在废弃泥浆处理上的应用效果。通过与3种常见的絮凝剂絮凝对比试验,发现吸水树脂的絮凝效果更好,能够明显加快废弃泥浆固液分离的速度;进行泥浆固化试验时,发现吸水树脂在泥浆中的吸水倍率达到46.33 g/g,掺入到泥浆中可以在30 min内大幅度降低泥浆的含水率和流动性,使其从流动状态转变为可塑态,实现废弃泥浆的快速固化。研究成果表明,吸水树脂对于废弃泥浆的处理具有良好的效果,证明了其处理废弃泥浆的可行性。     

煤层气井井斜角对隔水层界面胶结强度影响试验

为了控制煤层气井开采过程中的水窜问题,采用自主设计的试验装置对沁水盆地晋城地区煤层气样品进行模拟试验,获得了井斜角分别为0°、30°、60°、90°条件下隔水层界面胶结强度试验数据,分析了井斜角对隔水层界面胶结强度的影响机理。结果表明：隔水层界面胶结强度随井斜角的增大而降低,原因是随着井斜角增大,井壁的泥饼环上部依次变薄,下部依次变厚,井斜角到90°时达到最厚,且随着泥饼的变厚,泥饼成分中黏土矿物的成分逐渐减少,钻屑和重晶石的含量逐渐增多。分析还认为,影响隔水层界面胶结强度主要因素有黏聚力、泥饼的含水率、颗粒密实程度、颗粒结构和矿物成分。因此,煤层气井型对隔水层界面胶结强度的影响较大,即若采用水平井开采煤层气,可能水窜问题更突出。