东海陆架浙闽沿岸泥质区不同属种底栖有孔虫对14C测年的影响及其原因初探

底栖有孔虫是浅海陆架区钻孔岩芯¹⁴C测年的良好材料,但由于其个体细小,为了获得足够的样品量,常常采用不区分属种和大小的混合壳体样品,不利于高分辨率的古环境研究。本研究选择东海陆架浙闽沿岸泥质区的两个钻孔沉积物样品,对其中不同的底栖有孔虫属种壳体化石分别进行¹⁴C测年,结果显示同一沉积物样品中不同的底栖有孔虫属种壳体化石¹⁴C年龄值存在差异,以Quinqueloculina spp.壳体¹⁴C年龄最老,其次是Ammonia comperessiuscula壳体,最年轻的分别为Elphidium spp.壳体和Bolivina cochei壳体。从底栖有孔虫的生态习性和壳体的结构特征等方面分析推测,同层位不同底栖有孔虫属种壳体年龄差异,不能简单地用它们生活时壳体和所处的微生境水体同位素交换来解释;不同属种有孔虫壳壁构造不同可能是产生壳体化石¹⁴C年龄差异的原因。建议为地质钻孔建立高分辨率年代地层挑取底栖有孔虫AMS ¹⁴C测年样品时,尽量选择相同的属种,或微生境相同、个体大小相近、壳壁厚度和壁孔大小密度近一致的类别,以降低属种不同对测年结果产生的影响,为海岸带高分辨率的古环境研究提供高精度的测年数据。

     

Interactive effects of pH and temperature on native and alien mussels from the west coast of South Africa

Global warming and ocean acidification influence marine calcifying organisms, particularly those with external shells. Among these, mussels may compensate for environmental changes by phenotypic plasticity, but this may entail trade-offs between shell deposition, growth and reproduction. We assessed main and interactive effects of pH and temperature on four mussel species on the west coast of South Africa (33°48′ S, 18°27′ E) in October 2012 by comparing shell dissolution, shell growth, shell breaking force and condition index of two native species, the ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra and the black mussel Choromytilus meridionalis, and two aliens, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the bisexual mussel Semimytilus algosus. Live mussels and dead shells were exposed for 42 days to seawater of pH 7.5 or 8.0, at 14 °C or 20 °C. Low pH, high temperature and their combination increased shell dissolution of the two aliens but their growth rates and condition indices remained unchanged. Aulacomya atra also experienced greater shell dissolution at a low pH and high temperature, but grew faster in low-pH treatments. For C. meridionalis, shell dissolution was unaffected by pH or temperature; it also grew faster in low-pH treatments, but had a lower condition index in the higher temperature treatment. Shell strength was not determined by thickness alone. In most respects, all four species proved to be robust to short-term reduction of pH and elevation of temperature, but the native species compensated for greater shell dissolution at low pH by increasing growth rate, whereas the aliens did not, so their invasive success cannot be ascribed to benefits accruing from climate change.     

Constraints of authigenic carbonates on trace elements (Sr, Mg) of lacustrine ostracod shells in paleoenvironment reconstruction and its mechanism

Molar ratios of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca were measured in two species of ostracod shells preserved in the upper core (15-55 m) of the Heqing Basin in Yunnan Province, southwest China. By correlating the molar ratios between Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca and comparing them with Sr concentrations of the sediments, we suggested that: (1) the molar Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratio variations in respective ostracod primo re- flected the changes in its ambient water composition and ecology; (2) the molar Sr/Ca ratios responded better to the salinity change linearly than Mg/Ca without aragonite precipitation in the system, and otherwise there was no linear relation between them; and (3) the molar Sr/Ca ratios were mainly con- trolled by salinity and authigenic carbonate precipitation, whereas the molar Mg/Ca ratios were related to both salinity and temperature. In fact, the rate of ostracod growth owing to temperature controls the fluctuation of Mg/Ca in shells. Here, more attentions should be paid to the constraint of authigenic mineral precipitation processes on the trace elements in ostracod shells and to the correlation between these trace elements in biogenic carbonates and compositions of the sediments in systems and in fu- ture in vitro experiments.     

4个文蛤群体鲜味物质比较分析

以江苏文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为研究对象,采集红壳色文蛤原种、黄壳色文蛤原种、红壳色文蛤选育F1、红壳色文蛤选育F2 4个群体,检测其主要非挥发性鲜味物质成分单磷酸腺苷(AMP)、单磷酸鸟苷(GMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)、琥珀酸、游离氨基酸、无机离子(Na~+、K~+、Cl~–、PO_4~(3–))的含量,并通过味道强度值(TAV)评价其呈味作用。鉴于核苷酸与氨基酸在呈味方面的协同效应,采用味精当量(EUC)评价不同文蛤群体的鲜味品质。结果表明,文蛤软体组织中AMP、琥珀酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、Na+、K~+、Cl~–的TAV值大于1,是文蛤鲜味的主要贡献者;红壳色文蛤原种的鲜味强度最大(4.92 g/100g),其子代红壳色文蛤F1(4.08 g/100g)、红壳色文蛤F2(4.09 g/100g)稍有降低,但仍显著高于黄壳色文蛤原种(3.34 g/100g)(P0.05),表明江苏红壳色文蛤在鲜味品质方面具有相对稳定的较高品质。     

中国皱纹盘鲍壳体矿物组成

利用X射线衍射物相分析方法，对不同生长阶段的中国皱纹盘鲍壳体矿物组成进行了分析，结果表明，中国皱纹盘鲍壳体矿物成分包括文石、方解石、白云石3种，文石属于主要成分，另两者属于次要组分；从皱纹盘鲍生长的幼体到成体，壳体的矿物组成中文石所占的比例逐渐降低，方解石的比例逐渐增加，而白云石含量基本保持恒定。     

青蛤贝壳韧带的结构色及微结构

采用XRD、热失重分析、反射光谱及高分辨FE-SEM对青蛤贝壳韧带的矿物组成,结构色及微结构进行系统研究,结果表明:1)青蛤韧带由78%文石矿物,18%的蛋白质及少量的水组成,文石矿物呈纤维状,纤维的直径约138 nm,相邻纤维中心的间距约164 nm;2)韧带可呈现蓝,黄色结构色;3)韧带具有明显的层状结构特征,生长层的厚20μm~40μm,同一生长层中文石纤维长轴定向排列,而相邻层纤维长轴的定向不一致,并呈现一种新的结构类型“-交叉棱柱层”结构。再者,青蛤韧带中的文石纤维构成了一类特殊的2D准周期光子晶体。     

Spatiotemporal distribution of sea-island prehistoric dune sites,Holocene sea levels,and aeolian sand activities in Fujian Province,China

The lower reaches of the Minjiang River and its adjacent areas were among the most active prehistoric archaeological areas in Fujian Province. The accumulation types of Neolithic archaeological strata are roughly divided into dune sites and dune/shell mound sites. The sites can also be roughly divided into estuarine, coastal, and sea-island sites based on their geomorphic features. The cultural development of these prehistoric sites is of great significance for understanding the migration and spread of Austronesian civilization. Based on luminescence dating of typical Neolithic sites on Haitan Island, their quartz-OSL (optically stimulated luminecesence) burial ages were determined. Synthesizing previously published results, the temporospatial distribution characteristics of the sea-island sites on Haitan Island are discussed, and the relationship between Neolithic human activities and regional geomorphic processes is analyzed. The results show that: (1) the spatial and temporal distribution of the Haitan Island Neolithic sites are closely related to small-scale geomorphic features and are controlled by mesoscale geomorphic processes. The sites were mainly distributed in the foothills of two high hills along an NNE-SSW trend. With an increase in altitude, the features were distributed as “single site (I) - superimposed site - single site (II)” and appear successively. Single type sites (I) mainly appeared at low sea level, whereas single type sites (II) mainly appeared at high sea level. Superimposed sites were not subject to sea level changes. The relative elevation of the superimposed sites in the study area indicates the optimal residential area for human activities in the region. The single site with an elevation lower than the optimal residential area was mainly restricted by the lowest residential area, whereas the single site at a higher elevation than the optimal residential area was mainly affected by livelihood patterns. (2) High sea level caused by the “backwater effect” in low latitude areas in the southern hemisphere, and coastal aeolian sand activity influenced by sea level fluctuations in the middle Holocene correspond well with human activities recorded in the cultural stratigraphy of sea-island type sites. The altitude of coastal aeolian sand accumulation can be used as an indirect index to estimate the age of coastal dunes.     

基于凸壳的TIN建立技术

文章阐述了如何利用计算几何中的凸壳问题来处理测量中的DEM建模问题并推导出了TIN的建立方法。同时列举了该方法在舰艇螺旋桨 3维模拟中的应用。     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)贝壳与外套膜中黑色素的提取和鉴定

为了提取和鉴定长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)贝壳与外套膜中的黑色物质,选取贝壳与外套膜颜色均为黑色的长牡蛎,将贝壳及外套膜进行粉碎、盐酸水解、水浴加热、乙醚抽脂,从3份贝壳中提取出3份黑色固体物质,从3份外套膜中提取出3份黑色固体物质,将提取的黑色固体溶解于0.01m L/L氢氧化钠水溶液中,在150—500 nm的范围内测定紫外吸收光谱,发现其最大吸收峰在210 nm左右,随着波长增加,其吸光值迅速大幅度下降,与公认的黑色素紫外吸收光谱特征一致,从而首次确定长牡蛎贝壳与外套膜中的黑色物质为黑色素。