不同生长时期虾夷扇贝壳质的超微结构观察及表面5种元素组成分析

以人工吊养的已明确月龄的(5月龄、7月龄、9月龄、12月龄、18月龄、30月龄)虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten(Mizuhopecten)yessoensis)为实验材料,从壳顶沿生长线方向纵切,用扫描电镜观察了不同生长时期贝壳的壳质结构,并探讨了虾夷扇贝生长发育过程中壳质结构的一般性变化规律。结果表明,虾夷扇贝壳质包括均质型(homogeneous)、叶状型(foliated)、交错片状型(crossed lamellar)、棱柱型(prismatic)4种结构类型。随着生长期的增加,壳质结构逐渐趋向于复杂,叶状结构和交错片状结构的比例增加。同时分析比较了同一时期"象牙白"品系和普通红褐色虾夷扇贝的贝壳外表面5种化学元素的含量,"象牙白"品系和普通红褐色贝壳所含的C、O、Na、Mg、Ca 5种元素质量分数分别为:24.26%、60.44%、0.63%、0.48%、14.18%和18.24%、56.48%、0.52%、0.36%、24.41%。     

紫贻贝贝壳和脉红螺厣中色素的提取与鉴定

为了确定紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)贝壳与脉红螺厣中的黑色物质是否为黑色素这一物质,作者实验选取紫贻贝贝壳和脉红螺(Rapana venosa)厣,清洗干净,之后分别对两份样品进行研磨粉碎、称量、盐酸浸泡、沸水浴加热、乙醚纯化等步骤后,将得到的黑色提取物质用0.01 ml/L氢氧化钠水溶液溶解,在190~500 nm的范围内测定紫外吸收光谱,发现两份样品最大吸收峰都在210~220 nm,随波长增加,其吸光值下降,与公认的黑色素紫外吸收光谱特征一致;另外将提取的两份黑色固体物质分别用溴化钾压片后进行傅里叶红外光谱扫描,其红外图谱都在3μm和6μm处分别有特征吸收峰,亦与公认的黑色素红外扫描图谱特征一致,从而首次确定紫贻贝贝壳和脉红螺厣中的黑色物质为黑色素,提示黑色素在贝类中可能是广泛存在的。     

近交对壳金长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫期与稚贝期生长和存活的影响

以2014年构建的壳金长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)全同胞家系为亲本,通过近交和设置对照组的方法,研究了近交对壳金长牡蛎家系幼虫期与稚贝期生长和存活的影响。结果表明,在整个实验期间,壳金F1家系的壳高、壳长和存活率均小于对照组。壳金F1家系的壳高和壳长仅在1日龄、190日龄与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),存活率仅在20日龄时与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。幼虫期,壳金F1家系壳高的近交衰退率范围为0.85%—13.70%,壳长的近交衰退率范围为0.75%—10.83%,存活率的近交衰退范围为4.24%—27.44%。稚贝期,壳金F1家系壳高的近交衰退率范围为6.16%—9.90%,壳长的近交衰退率范围为1.76%—14.21%,存活率的近交衰退范围为1.92%—4.18%。     

底物中钙赋存形态对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着的诱导效应

为探讨底物中钙赋存形态对牡蛎幼虫附着的诱导效应,本研究设计3因子随机区组实验,检验实验底物钙含量、钙赋存形态及海水中牡蛎幼虫丰度对实验底物上太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)稚贝附着效果(密度和壳高)的影响。结果表明,在3个因子中,实验底物钙含量对附着稚贝密度和壳高的影响不显著(P0.05),而其它2个因子(钙赋存形态和海水中牡蛎幼虫丰度)均显著影响着实验底物上附着牡蛎稚贝的密度和壳高(P0.05)。在相同的牡蛎浮游幼虫丰度下,3种钙形态底物对牡蛎幼虫附着的诱导能力大小顺序为:有机钙碳酸钙=硫酸钙(P0.05);壳高的结果却恰恰相反。在同样的钙形态底物中,高牡蛎幼虫丰度下牡蛎稚贝附着量均显著高于低幼虫丰度的处理组(P0.05)。     

A review of the environmental history of Iceland, 13 000-9000 yr BP

A synthesis of the main environmental changes that are interpreted to have occurred in Iceland during the period 13-9 ka BP is presented. Most of the evidence available relates to variations in the position of ice margins, although some limited information on vegetation history and soil stability is also referred to. Only qualitative and limited climatic inferences can be made for this period because of the lack of detailed evidence. A summary curve of the relative extent of ice cover is presented.     

固市凹陷非常规水溶甲烷气成因及来源

针对渭河盆地固市凹陷水溶甲烷气的成因类型进行分析研究。对地层水溶甲烷气碳同位素δ13C₁及重烃的含量研究发现,不同层位的水溶甲烷气成因类型不同。新近系张家坡组水溶甲烷气主要为有机成因的生物气,来源于本层含碳质较高的灰黑色泥灰岩生物分解,为自生自储式;下部蓝田—灞河组水溶甲烷气以未成熟的煤型热解气（煤型腐殖型）为主,来源于下部地层。对CO₂碳同位素的分布范围和含量进行分析得出,δ13C_CO2 < -10‰,为典型的壳源型有机成因,证明蓝田—灞河组水溶甲烷气和CO₂来源于下部地层的混合型气,结合乙烷碳同位素分析,得出下部地层可能存在有机成因的煤型热解气层系。      

贝壳的傅立叶变换红外光谱和热分析

通过傅立叶变化红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和差热(DSC)等技术分析了蜘蛛螺贝壳粉末的成分和热行为。XRD和DSC结果表明蜘蛛螺贝壳是由文石型碳酸钙构成,在300℃文石转变为方解石。红外光谱表明在海螺壳的有机质中存在NH,OH和amide等官能团,在文石晶格或有机与晶体的界面处存在HCO3-原子团。加热后的FT-IR特征峰的峰型和峰位表现出明显的变化,这些变化说明在250℃加热1 h后贝壳的有机质部分发生分解;在500℃～600℃时海螺壳中的有机质仍然没有完全分解,揭示出贝壳具有良好的热稳定性。     

中太平洋北部锰结核的构造及成分特点

本文阐述了中太平洋北部锰结核的成分及结构、构造的研究结果。结核可分为粗糙型和光滑型,内部呈现具有核心的同心层状构造,壳层可分为数个粗层。各粗层之间为不整合或假整合接触,粗层内微层呈韵律性排列。通过对粗层构造以及粗层内各韵律层的元素及矿物组分分布特点的研究,作者认为粗层的生长与当地沉积物的沉积间断或沉积速率减小有关,而微层的韵律性则是结核在滚动过程中生长造成的。文中并对结核的生长过程作了一般性讨论。     

Reviewing the far-reaching ecological impacts of human-induced terrigenous sedimentation on shallow marine ecosystems in a northern-New Zealand embayment

ABSTRACT

Human settlement in Bay of Islands, New Zealand, beginning ～1300 AD, wrought immense, conspicuous and enduring change to local shallow-water marine ecologies, this review addressing those transformations attributable to increased rates of anthropogenically induced, land-derived sedimentation. Elevated silt inflow, particularly after the late-1800s, in course led to ～130% expansion in mangrove (Avicennia marina) cover, with concomitant loss of saltmarsh, uppershore coarse-shell beaches/cheniers, and (probably) intertidal seagrass (Zostera muelleri). Sedimentation also led to widespread loss of estuarine shellfish habitat, and, although not necessarily categorically causal, seems, at the same time to have contributed to such degradation among cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi) populations that few individuals attain their potential size. Most changes, many seemingly irreversible, can be described as ecologically catastrophic, with ecosystems altered and destroyed, and uncommon habitats threatened. Sedimentation appears the single-most important and enduring contributor to ecological degradation in shallow waters of this northern harbour, with time lags between stressor-onset and realisation of impact (decades to centuries) that only now are becoming clear. Outstanding issues concern establishing the extent of relationship between levels of terrigenous sedimentation and cockles seldom attaining their previous maximum sizes, and origins of the possibly new, widespread phenomenon of living cockles accumulating and dying atop beach surfaces.     

Cryopreservation of Veliger Larvae of Trumpet Shell, Charonia sauliae： an Essential Preparation to Artificial Propagation

Trumpet shell, Charonia sauliae, is an endangered and valuable species, but its artificial propagation protocol has not been successfully established. To estimate the possibility of cryopreservation for larvae of C. sauliae, which is a potential preparation for its artificial reproduction and further research, in this study a protocol for the cryopreservation of veliger larvae of trumpet shell was optimized. Through a two-step cryopreservation procedure, four kinds of cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol) were employed at three concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 molL⁻¹) respectively and survival rates of larvae were determined after a storage of 1h. The larvae frozen with these four cryoprotectants after 1 h storage were cultured, and then survival rates were determined at 24, 72 and 120 h after thawing. Dimethyl sulfoxide at a concentration of 1.5 molL⁻¹ showed the best protective effect in all experiments (p<0.05). And survival rates of larvae frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide were determined after 1, 7 and 15 d of storage. The survival rates of larvae frozen with 1.5 molL⁻¹ dimethyl sulfoxide after 1 h, 1 d, 7 d and 15 d of storage were 80.77% ±7.51%, 80.34% ±11.28%, 83.10% ±9.14% and 77.23% ±6.22% respectively. No significant differences in survival rates of larvae frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide were observed after various storage periods (p>0.05).