Seismic behavior and modeling of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) walls

The steel reinforced concrete (SRC) wall consists of structural steel embedded at the boundary elements of a reinforced concrete (RC) wall. The use of SRC walls has gained popularity in the construction of high‐rise buildings because of their superior performance over conventional RC walls. This paper presents a series of quasi‐static tests used to examine the behavior of SRC walls subjected to high axial force and lateral cyclic loading. The SRC wall specimens showed increased flexural strength and deformation capacity relative to their RC wall counterpart. The flexural strength of SRC walls was found to increase with increasing area ratio of embedded structural steel, while the section type of embedded steel did not affect the wall's strength. The SRC walls under high axial force ratio had an ultimate lateral drift ratio of approximately 1.4%. In addition, a multi‐layer shell element model was developed for the SRC walls and was implemented in the OpenSees program. The numerical model was validated through comparison with the test data. The model was able to predict the lateral stiffness, strength and deformation capacities of SRC walls with a reasonable level of accuracy. Finally, a number of issues for the design of SRC walls are discussed, along with a collection and analysis of the test data, including (1) evaluation of flexural strength, (2) calculation of effective flexural stiffness, and (3) inelastic deformation capacity of SRC walls. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Threshold of motion and settling velocities of mollusc shell debris: Influence of faunal composition

Bioclastic particles derived from mollusc shell debris can represent a significant fraction of sandy to gravelly sediments in temperate and cool‐water regions with high carbonate productivity. Their reworking and subsequent transport and deposition by waves and currents is highly dependent on the shape and density of the particles. In this study, the hydrodynamic behaviour of shell debris produced by eight mollusc species is investigated for several grain sizes in terms of settling velocity (measurements in a settling tube) and threshold of motion under unidirectional current (flume experiments using an acoustic profiler). Consistent interspecific differences in settling velocity and critical bed shear stress are found, related to differences in shell density, shell structure imaged by scanning electron microscopy and grain shape. Drag coefficients are proposed for each mollusc species, based on an interpolation of settling velocity data. Depending on the shell species, the critical bed shear stress values obtained for bioclastic particles fall within or slightly below empirical envelopes established for siliciclastic particles, despite very low settling velocity values. The results suggest that settling velocity, often used to describe the entrainment of sediment particles through the equivalent diameter, is not a suitable parameter to predict the initiation of motion of shell debris. The influence of the flat shape of bioclastic particles on the initiation of motion under oscillatory flows and during bedload and saltation transport is yet to be elucidated.     

大连贝壳博物馆

通过对大连贝壳博物馆的介绍,揭示贝壳博物馆的特点及发展趋势,总结贝壳博物馆设计和建设对我们的启发。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤的铅同位素特征

依据黄河三角洲王子岛海滩潮间带活贝壳和黄河三角洲贝壳堤中贝壳样品的铅同位素记录,初步探讨渤海湾南部最近6000多年来海水铅同位素变化特征及其环境意义,发现：①黄河三角洲贝壳堤中贝壳的铅同位素变化较大,^206Pb／^204Pb范围在18．207～18．648之间,平均值18．470;^207Pb／^204Pb在15．36～15．757之间,平均值15．619;^208Pb/^204Pb在37．947～38．945之间,平均值38．599。②渤海湾南部1．5～2．0kaBP海水放射性成因稳定铅同位素^206Pb、^207Pb、^208Pb相对于现在王子岛海滩潮间带海水亏损。③总体上讲,渤海湾南部4．5～6．0kaBP海水放射性成因稳定铅同位素相对于1．5～2．0kaBP的富集。④黄河三角洲贝壳堤中多数贝壳样品的铅同位素分布在海洋沉积物的范围内,但少数样品分布异常,其^206Ph／^204Pb、^207Pb/^204Pb,^208Pb/^204Pb偏低,可能是受陆地或相邻海区的玄武质中铅的输入的影响。     

水下加筋圆柱壳结构声散射特性研究

采用有限元/边界元(FEM/BEM)方法对水下加筋圆柱壳结构的声散射特性进行分析。考虑入射声场激发弹性结构振动产生二次辐射声场,总声场为入射场与散射场之和。基于Mindlin理论建立结构受迫振动的有限元模型,考虑入射声场为简谐激励,采用模态叠加法求出结构振动表面速度。根据声学边界元相关理论,利用有限元方法计算得出的弹性结构表面动力相应,可求出弹性结构的散射声场。研究结果表明,在同一波数下,不加筋结构后向散射强于加筋结构;加筋结构的散射指向性图案分叉较为明显;同种结构在波数增加的时候后向散射强度逐渐增大,前向散射强度逐渐减弱。     

渤海南岸6000年来的岸线演变

冰后期的海侵,淹没了渤海地区;大约在距今6000年左右,海侵达到最大范围。本文按照海相地层的分布,讨论了渤海南岸当时的海侵界线,又根据粉砂淤泥质海岸平均高潮线上发育的贝壳堤的位置,确定了尔后的几条古岸线。从而表明在该区6000年来的海岸淤长过程中,曾出现过海岸线的数次停顿,这与黄河三角洲河口的交替摆动有密切关系。从而为研究渤海南岸的全新世地质历史,黄河三角洲的发育和区内资源开发提供重要的依据。     

鲁北贝壳滩脊沉积特征及发育环境分析

渤海西南岸贝壳滩脊发育典型,贝壳含量高、规模大,不仅作为古岸线标志,还是抵御风暴潮的天然屏障。作者通过对鲁北贝壳滩脊的沉积结构,发育环境分析,将贝壳滩脊分为堤梗和堤内充填两个亚相。前者以贝壳和贝壳碎块为主,具有平行层理和高角度斜层理,后者以贝壳细碎屑为主,亦含细粉沙,具有向陆倾的平行层理。贝壳滩脊的形成和发育受多种因素的控制,其中贝壳物质的大量富集、较强的暴风浪、风的吹积作用及入海河流的改道效应等均与其有密切关系。当黄河从鲁北入海时,潮滩快速加积,贝壳贫乏,当黄河远离本区时,鲁北岸滩相对侵蚀,利于贝壳滩脊的发育。     

Assessment of a shell bank and associated substrates as nursery habitat of postsettlement red snapper

Trawl surveys were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to examine patterns of distribution and abundance of postsettlement red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) on a shell bank, Freeport Rocks Bathymetric High (FRBH), in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. In addition, otolith-based methods were used to determine age, hatch-date, growth and mortality of new recruits associated with FRBH. Date and region were significant factors affecting density of red snapper in 2000. Peak densities of red snapper were observed in July and August, and mean density among habitat types (shell bank, inshore mud, offshore mud) was similar (range: 50–52 ind hectare⁻¹) in 2000. Alternatively, a habitat effect was detected during a limited survey conducted in 2001, with density higher on the shell bank than inshore or offshore mud habitat. Postsettlement red snapper were first detected at approximately 16 mm standard length, and individuals less than 20 mm were present in all habitats. Estimated ages of red snapper ranged from 26 to 121 d, with new settlers (≤20 mm) typically less than 28 d. Predicted hatch dates ranged from early April to mid August with a single peak occurring from late May to early June. Growth rate for the April–May cohort (0.817 mm d⁻¹) was similar to the June–July cohort (0.830 mm d⁻¹). Habitat-specific differences in growth were observed, and rates were highest for individuals from the inshore habitat (0.881 mm d⁻¹). Mortality rates (Z) during the early post-settlement period were approximated using catch curves, and early life mortality of red snapper was 12.1% d⁻¹ (Z=0.129). While the difference in mortality between cohorts was negligible, a habitat-specific difference in mortality was observed. Mortality rate of red snapper inhabiting the inshore mud habitat (Z=0.045, 4.4% d⁻¹) was lower than rates observed for individuals on the shell bank (Z=0.120, 11.9% d⁻¹) or offshore (Z=0.099, 9.3% d⁻¹) habitat. Individuals residing in the inshore habitat had significantly higher growth rates and significantly lower mortality rates, suggesting that recruitment potential was higher for these individuals.     

Vibration and Acoustic Radiation from Orthogonally Stiffened Infinite Circular Cylindrical Shells in Water

Based on the motion differential equations of vibration and acoustic coupling system for thin elastic shells with ribs, by means of the Fourier integral transformation and the Fourier inverse transformation, as well as the stationary phase method, an analytic solution, which has satisfying computational effectiveness and precision, is derived for the solution to the vibration and acouslic radiation from a submerged stiffened infinite circular cylinder with both ring and axial ribs. It is easy to analyze the effect of stiffening supports in the acoustic radiation field by use of the formulas obtained by the pre-sented method and corresponding numerical computation. It is shown that the axial-stiffeners can improve the mechanical and acoustical characteristics. Moreover, the present method can be used to study the acoustic radiation mechanism of the type of structure.     

Effect of Longitudinal Plastic Bending of Pipeline on Buckle Propagation Pressure

A plastic ring-beam model simulating the longitudinal transition zone of submarine pipelines in the buckle propagation is presented. The nonlinear relationships between the buckle propagation pressure and the length of the transition zone and the position parameter of the longitudinal plastic hinge are derived using the energy principle. The related values are obtained by means of solving a set of nonlinear equations. The model conforms better to reality than the ring models for considering the effect of the longitudinal plastic bending of the transition zone. The computations for some stainless steel and aluminium tubes with different geometrical parameters are performed. The results obtained agree better with the experimental results than existing theoretical predictions.