牡蛎壳改性及联合释氧复合材料修复地下水氨氮污染实验研究

为研究以牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料为填料的渗透反应格栅去除地下水氨氮污染的效果及其经济实用性,开展了相关室内实验:采用高温加热方式对牡蛎壳进行改性,通过测定牡蛎壳改性后的比表面积判定其吸附效果;以过氧化钙为释氧化合物,将其与水泥、石英砂/牡蛎壳粒、钙基膨润土以一定比例混合制成粒径约1.8 cm球型释氧材料,采用静态实验研究不同原料配比的释氧材料的释氧性能;最后研究了两种不同粒径牡蛎壳粒-释氧复合材料修复地下水氨氮的效果及不同供氧方式下不同吸附材料修复地下水氨氮的效果及其经济实用性。结果表明:对牡蛎壳粒进行高温改性,牡蛎壳粒高温条件下会产生团聚现象,比表面积随煅烧温度升高呈下降趋势,高温改性方式并不能有效改善牡蛎壳粒吸附性能;实验中制作的释氧材料在95天的实验期间,各实验柱的溶解氧量可以保持在18 mg/L左右,且在嗜碱菌作用下pH值得以有效降低,所制作的释氧材料可为硝化细菌长期在溶解氧低的地下水环境中生长提供氧气;以牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料为填料的渗透反应格栅通过耐碱硝化细菌的硝化作用可以将氨氮浓度从50 mg/L降至约35 mg/L,不同粒径牡蛎壳粒修复效果差异不明显。使用牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料渗透反应格栅长期修复地下水氨氮,不仅可以达到活性炭及沸石作为骨架的修复效果,而且更加具有经济实用性。     

牡蛎幼虫光照实验提示复杂遗传背景下基因互作的多样性

为研究光照对牡蛎幼虫生长成活率的影响,使用6组牡蛎幼虫家系,前三组为长牡蛎家系(GG1、GG2、GG3),后三组为长牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎杂交家系(GA1、GA2、GA3),其中GG1与GA1母本相同,GG2与GA2母本相同,GG3与GA3母本相同;每个家系分别在6个光照梯度下从1日龄饲养到10日龄,然后测量记录10日龄幼虫在各个光照梯度下的壳高和成活率。结果表明,在各个光照梯度下,牡蛎幼虫的壳高都没有显著差异,长牡蛎幼虫与杂交牡蛎幼虫之间的壳高也都没有显著差异,但长牡蛎幼虫和杂交牡蛎幼虫均在58 lx的光照强度下,表现出最高的成活率,这提示牡蛎育苗生产的前10天应当保持这样的光照强度,而杂交牡蛎幼虫在269 lx和58 lx两个光照梯度下的成活率均极显著的高于长牡蛎幼虫,提示了长牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎之间具有亲和性并且其杂交后代存在杂种优势,也在一定程度上支持长牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎同属一个物种的假设。而以壳高和成活率作为指标进行聚类分析和主成分分析后发现,长牡蛎3个家系幼虫的表型比较接近,而杂交牡蛎幼虫的表型虽然具有靠近各自同母本长牡蛎幼虫的趋势,但杂交家系之间差异非常大,提示了高杂合度高异质性遗传背景下基因互作的多样性。     

Introduced Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas in South Africa: demographic change,genetic diversity and body condition

Successful aquaculture species are often chosen for their fast growth rates and fecundity, which are also characteristics of invasive species. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which constitutes 80% of global oyster trade, has been confirmed as invasive in 17 of the 66 countries where it is cultured. The single study of its status in South Africa reported populations in six South Coast estuaries in 2001, dropping to three sites in 2003. We resurveyed these estuaries, visited others in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces, and sampled oyster tissue for molecular analyses of population structure. Pacific oysters have disappeared from Knysna and, following our collections, possibly also from the GouKou Estuary. Between 2003 and 2012, the Breede Estuary population decreased by 87%, from an estimated 184 206 to 23 760 individuals. Within this estuary, oysters 12 km upriver had denser shells and higher body condition indices than did those within 1.4 km of the river mouth, presumably reflecting higher availability of suspended organic matter. However, low salinity over most of the species’ range in the estuary probably inhibits recruitment. New populations of Pacific oysters in the Swartkops and Kaaimans estuaries urgently require monitoring and eradication. Haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities across all oyster populations sampled (h = 0.2300 [SD 0.0595], π = 0.0006 [SD 0.0007]) were lower than those of co-occurring indigenous Cape rock oysters Striostrea margaritacea from the GouKou and Breede estuaries (h = 0.9076 [SD 0.0386], π = 0.00589 [SD 0.00347]). Pacific oysters either have been introduced to South African estuaries infrequently, or have experienced genetic bottlenecks following river floods or human exploitation, or both. Populations growing outside culture infrastructure are restricted to estuaries in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces, with no evidence of occurrence in fully marine shelf environments. Given the species’ considerable socio-economic importance, estuarine and coastal surveillance coupled with aquaculture zoning are required to integrate biodiversity and food security considerations.     

环肋圆柱壳体在水下冲击波作用下的动力弹塑性屈曲

本文以加肋圆柱壳体为对象建立力学模型，在水下爆炸产生的冲击波作用下，考虑流体与结构的耦合效应，研究加肋圆柱壳体的弹塑性失稳变形量及动力响应特性。数值分析显示出的最终变形形状和压力变化过程与实验资料一致的     

紫海胆生殖腺和棘壳中的金属元素

在生殖季节从大亚湾采集紫海胆Anthocidariscrassispina ,分离出生殖腺和棘壳 ,用ICP AES法测定其金属元素含量。结果表明 ,紫海胆生殖腺中含有Ca ,Mg ,Sr,Fe ,Mn等1 8种金属元素。这些元素几乎都同样在棘壳中存在 ,而且棘壳中的浓度比生殖腺的高出几十倍到几百倍。同时发现棘壳中金属元素的浓度比海水中的高很多 ,如Fe的浓度为海水的34万倍 ,Mn为 1 4.5万倍 ,说明紫海胆对海水中金属元素有很强的富集作用。结果还表明紫海胆生殖腺中金属元素的含量存在性别差异 ,雌性生殖腺中Zn含量是雄性生殖腺的 4倍 ,而雄性生殖腺中Mg的含量比雌性生殖腺高。以食品卫生标准来衡量 ,大亚湾紫海胆生殖腺金属元素含量完全符合国家标准GBn 2 38 84。如何开发和利用这一海产资源 ,值得深入研究。     

Influence of seasonal variation of neutral winds on the coupling between North and South Hemispheres in a realistic Earth main field

The neutral wind dynamo contributes significantly to the ionospheric electrodynamics, and the variation of the neutral winds thus affects the ionosphere. Here we study the effects of the seasonal variation of the winds in a realistic Earth main field. The two-dimensional ionospheric dynamo equation is expressed in the framework of a revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) under the assumptions of equipotential field lines and conservation of current. A revision of IGRF and typical u...     

黄河三角洲东营港潮坪上的贝壳沉积

黄河三角洲东营港的泥质潮坪上发育大量的贝壳沉积。贝壳的特殊形态使其很容易被水流搬运,波浪的簸选、泥坪表面的侵蚀坑穴和植物根、堤坝等障碍物对贝壳的拦阻、与地形地貌或涨潮流的水流形态有关的流速降低都可以形成贝壳堆积。潮坪表面贝壳的沉积形态包括:与涨潮流有关的坑穴状、密集窝状、陡坎状、垄沟状、席状、带状以及潮汐水道中的混合沉积等类型;与波浪作用有关的堤坝状、堤坝遮挡沉积等类型。涨潮流流速降低的方式不同,贝壳沉积形态也会相应有较大的差别。另外,潮坪表面的细微起伏、潮坪底质类型和粘结性都会对贝壳的沉积形态造成较大影响,其中尤其是以密集窝状和陡坎状为特征。从东营港贝壳的沉积特征上看,潮坪上贝壳沉积的水动力条件与常见的砂砾滩、鲕粒滩、内碎屑滩有很大的不同,不能将介壳的富集一概归为滩坝相沉积。     

周向变刚度环肋圆柱壳应力分析研究

采用大曲率梁理论和弹性基础梁带理论,建立潜艇特殊舱段结构的力学模型。利用能量法求出肋位处耐压船体壳板中面周向应力。建立环肋圆柱壳微分方程并根据边界条件求解,得到周向变刚度环肋圆柱壳应力计算方法。通过理论分析和模型试验验证了本计算方法。