Transitions to chaotic thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell

Abstract

Numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell heated from below and within have been carried out with a nonlinear, three-dimensional, time-dependent pseudospectral code. The investigated phenomena include the sequence of transitions to chaos and the differential mean zonal rotation. At the fixed Taylor number T _a =10⁶ and Prandtl number Pr=1 and with increasing Rayleigh number R, convection undergoes a series of bifurcations from onset of steadily propagating motions SP at R=R _c = 13050, to a periodic state P, and thence to a quasi-periodic state QP and a non-periodic or chaotic state NP. Examples of SP, P, QP, and NP solutions are obtained at R = 1.3R _c , R = 1.7 R _c , R = 2R _c , and R = 5 R _c , respectively. In the SP state, convection rolls propagate at a constant longitudinal phase velocity that is slower than that obtained from the linear calculation at the onset of instability. The P state, characterized by a single frequency and its harmonics, has a two-layer cellular structure in radius. Convection rolls near the upper and lower surfaces of the spherical shell both propagate in a prograde sense with respect to the rotation of the reference frame. The outer convection rolls propagate faster than those near the inner shell. The physical mechanism responsible for the time-periodic oscillations is the differential shear of the convection cells due to the mean zonal flow. Meridional transport of zonal momentum by the convection cells in turn supports the mean zonal differential rotation. In the QP state, the longitudinal wave number m of the convection pattern oscillates among m = 3,4,5, and 6; the convection pattern near the outer shell has larger m than that near the inner shell. Radial motions are very weak in the polar regions. The convection pattern also shifts in m for the NP state at R = 5R _c , whose power spectrum is characterized by broadened peaks and broadband background noise. The convection pattern near the outer shell propagates prograde, while the pattern near the inner shell propagates retrograde with respect to the basic rotation. Convection cells exist in polar regions. There is a large variation in the vigor of individual convection cells. An example of a more vigorously convecting chaotic state is obtained at R = 50R _c . At this Rayleigh number some of the convection rolls have axes perpendicular to the axis of the basic rotation, indicating a partial relaxation of the rotational constraint. There are strong convective motions in the polar regions. The longitudinally averaged mean zonal flow has an equatorial superrotation and a high latitude subrotation for all cases except R = 50R _c , at this highest Rayleigh number, the mean zonal flow pattern is completely reversed, opposite to the solar differential rotation pattern.     

Helcionelloids from the Cambrian Fortunian of the Northern Yangtze Platform, China

A study of the morphological and microstructural characteristics of helcionelloids from the Nanjiang area (north Sichuan, China) at the northern Yangtze Platform was undertaken, in order to understand their phylogenetic position. Helcionelloids fossils from the Kuanchuanpu Formation of the Changtanhe–Maolinzi section include 7 genera and 11 species. There are distinct differences in the degree of shell bending, the apical morphology and apex position, the outline of the aperture and the height of the shell, all of which constitute important identification features. Although helcionelloid apices exhibit varying degrees of rotation towards the aperture, they do not show any signs of evident distortion. A pair of basally-symmetrical muscle scars are discovered on the shells of helcionelloids (such as Bemella simplex), showing a distinct difference when compared with those of the stem-group gastropod (e.g., Pelagiella). The prismatic shell layer of helcionelloids has been observed, which are common components in Cambrian molluscs, but differ significantly from the dense layer microstructure found in contemporary molluscs. The microstructures, muscle scars and morphological characteristics demonstrate that helcionelloids represent a stem-group of molluscs.     

红壳文蛤双列杂交及杂种优势分析

以广西(G)、江苏(S)和日本(J)3个文蛤群体中原种红壳文蛤进行双列杂交,获得了试验家系(Gg、Ss、Gs、Gj、Sg、Sj),比较其生长性能,并评估杂种优势。从生长来看,浮游期杂交组的日生长率大于自繁组;以江苏文蛤为母本的组合的壳长均显著大于以广西文蛤为母本的组合(P0.05),壳长受卵源影响极显著(P0.01)。稚贝和幼贝期,杂交组的日生长率均大于自繁组,杂交组合Gs的日生长率从13日龄至149日龄均最大;交配方式对壳长极显著影响(P0.01)。从存活率来看,杂交组的存活优势更明显,Gs的存活率几乎均最高。从杂种优势来看,杂交组从13日龄以后具明显的杂种优势,尤其是Gs在1—149日龄均呈正值。广西群体和江苏群体间建立了完全2×2双列杂交,中亲杂种优势一直大于0,且始终介于单亲杂种优势HGs和HSg之间。杂种优势潜力指数(hp)表明,1—5日龄的数值介于–1和1之间,未产生杂种衰退;13日龄后的数值均大于1,表明真正获得了杂种优势。杂种获得(hg)及13日龄后的超亲优势率均为正值,进一步说明壳长性状得到了明显改良。从壳色来看,子代的红壳个体占比为72.80%—76.49%,均得到明显提高。总之,杂交组合Gs的杂种优势最明显,为开展3个群体的杂交育种提供了参考依据。     

三维隔震单层球面网壳结构频率相关变阻尼半主动控制

在不同频率特征的地震动作用下,三维隔震单层球面网壳结构隔震层最优阻尼设计不同.文中基于单自由度体系加速度传递率函数,提出一种地震动主频相关的加速度阈值变阻尼半主动控制方法以及地震动主频分区识别方法.基于ABAQUS软件的DLOAD子程序,开展了三维隔震单层球面网壳被动控制与半主动控制有限元计算,对节点加速度、杆件轴力进...     

壳体大小对浮游有孔虫生物地球化学记录的影响

在浮游有孔虫壳体稳定同位素及Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值的相关研究中,人们常因各种原因而选择不同粒径的壳体进行分析测试,而很少注意壳体大小可能导致研究结果的分歧。针对这一问题,本文分析了位于低纬度海区钻孔中不同粒径的Glo-bigerinoides ruber(白色,sensu stricto)和Pulleniatinaobliquiloculata壳体,结果表明G.ruber壳体的δ13C值受壳体大小的影响最为强烈,表现为正相关关系,不同粒径壳体的δ13C绝对平均差值可达0.48‰±0.12‰和0.25‰±0.09‰;P.obliquiloc-ulata400μm与315~400μm和250~315μm壳体Mg/Ca值的差异相当于1.8℃的海水温度;相对而言,G.ruberδ18O和Mg/Ca值以及P.obliquiloculataδ13C受壳体大小的影响较小,但它们的Sr/Ca值与壳体大小的关系不显著。本文推测,壳体大小相同时厚重的壳体可能成壳速度较快,相对优先吸收轻的同位素,且壳体Mg/Ca值可能更接近周围海水的水平。据此,本文认为较大个体P.obliquiloculata的壳体分泌可能与周围海水达到了平衡分馏。     

软岩巷道聚丙烯混凝土钢筋网壳复合衬砌试验及工程应用研究

根据大跨度空间壳体力学原理,研究聚丙烯网壳锚喷支护新技术。其技术特色是用一种在地面加工成型的特殊三维钢筋支架代替普通的二维钢筋网,大幅度提高了锚网喷结构的支撑能力,不需要使用型钢支架、锚索、围岩注浆等手段进行加固就能有效地支护高地压大变形巷道、跨采动压巷道、冲击地压巷道以及大断面硐室等。依托西山煤电集团大巷破碎段修复工程,完成了聚丙烯纤维混凝土钢筋网壳复合衬砌支护结构的室内模型试验,研究了复合衬砌的变形、破坏形态与发展规律。现场应用表明,在不降低支护的承载能力的情况下,与重型金属支架相比,该支护形式降低了钢材用量和混凝土回弹量,且具有良好的柔性,是软岩巷道一种优良的让压支护结构,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

拉萨地块林周盆地下白垩统塔克那组：新特提斯洋活动陆缘伸展阶段沉积记录

拉萨地块林周盆地下白垩统塔克那组沉积于新特提斯洋壳向拉萨地块俯冲的弧后伸展环境，对重构该时期古地理格局、理解活动陆缘伸展构造对沉积的控制作用具有重要意义。基于野外露头描述和薄片观察，总结塔克那组岩石地层、岩石学和古生物特征，对比同期新特提斯被动陆缘阿拉伯板块Shuaiba组，讨论塔克那组沉积演化和活动陆缘沉积特征。塔克那组发育碎屑岩、硅质碎屑- 碳酸盐混积岩、碳酸盐岩三大类沉积岩十种岩石类型，纵向上划分为四个岩性段，是一个三级相对海平面变化旋回的沉积层系。塔一段砂岩—混积岩—灰岩岩性变化、沉积构造和生物类型均指示潮间- 潮下带潟湖环境；塔二段沉积于海平面快速上升期，主要为风暴浪基面之下厚层泥灰岩；塔三段在玛行西剖面首次识别出代表风暴浪基面之上的风暴成因生物富集层，往西南在甲绒东剖面相变为浅滩相生屑/鲕粒颗粒灰岩；塔四段沉积期海平面持续下降，海水逐渐退出盆地，沉积滨岸和泛滥平原环境的泥页岩夹粉砂岩。与阿拉伯板块同期生物种属对比表明，塔克那组沉积期，南拉萨地块林周盆地与新特提斯洋沟通性好。活动陆缘伸展背景下，具有基底快速差异沉降、陆源沉积物持续输入的特征，导致纵、横向相变快，混积岩发育，厚壳蛤、Lithocodium- Bacinella等浅海喜净水生物和深水浮游生物欠发育。     

Dynamic behavior of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells subjected to seismic loading

The single-layer latticed cylindrical shell is one of the most widely adopted space-framed structures. In this paper, free vibration properties and dynamic response to horizontal and vertical seismic waves of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells are analyzed by the finite clement method using ANSYS software. In the numerical study, where hundreds of cases were analyzed, the parameters considered included rise-span ratio, length-span ratio, surface load and member section size. Moreover, to better define the actual behavior of single-layer latticed shells, the study is focused on the dynamic stress response to both axial forces and bending moments. Based on the numerical results, the effects of the parameters considered on the stresses are discussed and a modified seismic force coefficient method is suggested. In addition, some advice based on these rescarch results is presented to help in the future design of such structures.     

近1500年来新疆艾比湖同位素记录的气候环境演化特征

利用介形虫壳体^δ18O,^δ13C及其沉积物有机质^δ13C同位素组成等环境代用指标,重建了西北干旱区艾比湖地区近1500年来气候环境演化特征。结果表明,气候不稳定性不但出现在时段约660～760A.D.及约1380～1500A.D.由暖干变冷湿的气候转换时期,也出现在时段约1050～1150A.D.及约1850～1940A.D.由冷湿变暖干的转换时期。尤其是由冷湿到暖干的气候转换时期,频繁而大幅度的气候变化影响湖泊水环境的稳定连续性,限制了介形虫等湖泊生物的生存,造成湖泊生态环境系统的破坏。而在百年尺度上艾比湖地区气候表现为暖干、冷湿的组合特征。约1850年开始,气候出现明显的干旱化趋势。