铁镍离子组合对褐煤发酵产甲烷的影响

为研究外源最佳铁镍离子组合对煤发酵产气过程的影响机理,以陕北大柳塔褐煤为例,对不同含量的铁镍离子分别进行煤发酵实验,优选出单一离子的最佳含量,进一步通过二元二次旋转组合设计法确定铁镍离子的最优组合,利用气相色谱、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外线光谱分析仪等手段对添加最优组合质量浓度的实验组和空白组（不添加两种离子）产气过程的发酵液及反应前后的煤样进行对比分析。结果表明：Fe²⁺、Ni²⁺的最佳质量浓度分别为15 mg/L、0.005 mg/L,Ni²⁺的添加存在明显的低促高抑现象;添加最优Fe²⁺和Ni²⁺组合的产气量相较于添加单一Fe²⁺、Ni²⁺分别增加了13.64%和20.69%;实验组的pH值、挥发性脂肪酸含量VFA及OD₆₀₀相较于空白组的变化均提前3 d达到峰值,且煤的大分子结构得到更加充分的降解。最后分析了铁镍离子组合对产甲烷过程的影响,阐明了两种微量元素对于促进煤发酵产甲烷的内在机理,研究成果为提高次生生物成因气的产量及产气效率打下了理论基础。     

冀中拗陷古潜山油田水化学研究

冀中拗陷油气田87%的储量产于海相碳酸盐岩古潜山中,在油气生成、运移、集聚和散失的过程中地下水起了重要作用。本文根据50个试样的水化学分析资料,运用对应分析方法对冀中拗陷古潜山油田水进行了分类并初步探讨了水化学成分演化与油气藏形成的关系。     

2004年9月南海北部移动船载温盐剖面仪观测结果初步分析

在2004年9月南海北部开放航次中,中国科学院南海海洋研究所首次引进使用了民用移动船载温盐剖面仪（Moving Vessel Profiler,MVP）,并在珠江口外海和越南东岸外海2个断面进行了拖曳测量。通过对MVP和定点温盐深仪所测数据的比较分析,发现MVP下降阶段数据较为可信。对所获温、盐、深数据进行处理分析,发现2个断面的水团性质存在明显差异。越南东岸外海断面的混合层平均深度（27m左右）深于珠江口外海断面（17．5m左右）;在表层和近40m深度处,珠江口外海的盐度值都高于越南东岸外海,呈现高盐的特性。     

拉脊山混杂带东段峡门早奥陶世埃达克岩的确认及地质意义

拉脊山混杂带东段峡门地区侵入岩可进一步解体为英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得英云闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为（480.7±1.9）Ma（MSWD=0.80）,代表岩体侵位时代为早奥陶世。主量元素特征表明岩石具高硅（SiO2=59.10%~63.45%）、高铝（Al2O3=15.40%~16.19%）、富钠贫钾（Na2O/K2O=1.41~2.03）的特征,属于钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列岩石。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上呈轻稀土富集（ΣLREE=148.22×10-6~173.46×10-6）、重稀土亏损（ΣHREE=10.04×10-6~14.40×10-6）的右倾型曲线,显示轻微Eu负异常（δEu=0.92~0.96）。岩石明显富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,同时形成Ta、P、Ti均亏损的"TNT"谷,显示出弧花岗岩特征。岩石具高Sr（591.9×10-6~922.9×10-6）、低Y（12.44×10-6~18.79×10-6）和低Yb（1.24×10-6~1.90×10-6）特点,具有较高的Sr/Y（34.85~55.76）值,与典型的埃达克岩地球化学特征一致。结合区域资料综合研究认为,峡门早奥陶世埃达克岩源于俯冲板片流体交代地幔楔诱发下地壳富含角闪岩相的基性玄武质岩石部分熔融,形成于俯冲、消减作用下的活动大陆边缘火山弧环境,说明该时期拉脊山洋盆在峡门地区已处于板块碰撞前期阶段。     

A MIXTURE MODEL OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN PERU*

A two component mixed log-normal distribution effectively models annual precipitation totals at two stations in Peru characterized by widely differing interannual patterns of precipitation. Physical evidence supports the division of station records into two subsamples. Years with ENSO events and years without ENSO events identify the components of a mixed probability model. The mixed model produces a superior fit to the two parameter log-normal distribution. Model application provides a reliable means of precipitation prediction and also quantitatively describes the highly variable temporal and spatial pattern of annual precipitation in western Peru.     

柠檬酸发酵中的限制性因子

回顾柠檬酸发酵生化机制的发展历史，综合多年来的研究成果和结合生产实践中出现的问题，推断最有可能的柠檬酸发酵途径。影响柠檬酸发酵的限制性因子有Ｆｅ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｋ＋、Ｐｉ、ＡＤＰ、ＡＴＰ、ＧＴＰ、ＣＯ２等，它们分别作用于发酵的关键酶顺乌头酸酶、丙酮酸羧化酶、柠檬酸合成酶、丙酮酸激酶等。生产实践中应该根据不同菌株而选择控制Ｆｅ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋，Ｋ＋等金属离子。     

Mixing caused by lateral internal seiching within a partially mixed estuary

The salinity fluctuations at an STD near the halocline in Southampton Water have been spectrally analysed. Mixing is shown to commence at a layer Richardson number of about 20. The predominant energy inputs have periods of 7–9 and 3·5–4·5 min. These motions arise from lateral internal seiching and it is considered that they are produced by interaction of the surface seiche with the shallow side of the estuary. The wavelengths of the standing wave are calculated to be about 120 and 60 m respectively, and these compare well with echo-sounding surveys of the elevation of the halocline.     

IMPACT OF DIABATIC PROCESSES IN AGCM ON 4-DIMENSIONAL VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION*

The impact of diabatic processes on 4-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) was studied using the 1995 version of NCEP's global spectral model with and without full physics.The adjoint was coded manually.A cost function measuring spectral errors of 6-hour forecasts to "observation" (the NCEP reanalysis data) was minimized using the L-BFGS (the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm developed by Broyden,Fletcher,Goldfard and Shanno) for optimizing parameters and initial conditions.Minimization of the cost function constrained by an adiabatic version of the NCEP global model converged to a minimum with a significant amount of decrease in the value of the cost function.Minimization of the cost function using the diabatic model, however,failed after a few iterations due to discontinuities introduced by physical parameterizations.Examination of the convergence of the cost function in different spectral domains reveals that the large-scale flow is adjusted during the first 10 iterations,in which discontinuous diabatic parameterizations play very little role.The adjustment produced by the minimization gradually moves to relatively smaller scales between 10-20th iterations.During this transition period,discontinuities in the cost function produced by "on-off" switches in the physical parameterizations caused the cost function to stay in a shallow local minimum instead of continuously decreasing toward a deeper minimum. Next,a mixed 4D-Var scheme is tested in which large-scale flows are first adiabatically adjusted to a sufficient level,followed by a diabatic adjustment introduced after 10 to 20 iterations. The mixed 4D-Var produced a closer fit of analysis to observations,with 38% and 41% more decrease in the values of the cost function and the norm of gradient,respectively,than the standard diabatic 4D-Var,while the CPU time is reduced by 21%.The resulting optimal initial conditions improve the short-range forecast skills of 48-hour statistics.The detrimental effect of parameterization discontinuities on minimization was also reduced.     

Relationships among some locally conservative discretization methods which handle discontinuous coefficients

This paper presents the relationships between some numerical methods suitable for a heterogeneous elliptic equation with application to reservoir simulation. The methods discussed are the classical mixed finite element method (MFEM), the control-volume mixed finite element method (CVMFEM), the support operators method (SOM), the enhanced cell-centered finite difference method (ECCFDM), and the multi-point flux-approximation (MPFA) control-volume method. These methods are all locally mass conservative, and handle general irregular grids with anisotropic and heterogeneous discontinuous permeability. In addition to this, the methods have a common weak continuity in the pressure across the edges, which in some cases corresponds to Lagrange multipliers. It seems that this last property is an essential common quality for these methods. T.F. Russell: Partially supported by the National Science Foundation Grant Nos. DMS-0084438 and DMS-0222300.     

一种对资源不稳定性敏感的EASY-backfill算法

利用合成技术对1995—2006年冬季（11月—次年2月）生成在西北太平洋上的34个热带气旋（tropicalcyclone,TC）个例进行分析,研究冬季西北太平洋TC生成的大尺度环流特征及其生成机制,结果表明：冬季TC生成的大尺度环流特征型为东风波西传型;北半球冬季对流层低层出现的跨赤道气旋对是冬季北半球TC形成的重要特征;太平洋中部赤道混合Rossby重力波西北传,与强对流中心重合,性质转为＂热带低压型扰动＂,为冬季热带气旋生成提供扰动源。对合成TC初始场的涡动扰动动能的收支分析表明,涡动有效位能和正压不稳定转换为TC形成提供了能量,这两种能量分别与积云对流加热和水平不均匀气流有关。正压不稳定能量转换为动能主要位于对流层中下层,而扰动有效位能的转换主要位于对流层中上层。低层热带东风波动从平均气流中获得正压不稳定能量,并与强积云对流耦合,热力和动力共同作用下形成TC。