顾及姿态线性误差的微小卫星面阵影像在轨几何检校

微小卫星由于平台体积、重量、能源等限制,其上搭载的姿态、位置测量设备精度不高,导致其直接对地定位误差较大。通过对某微小卫星嵩山地区的多景面阵影像进行姿态角常差检校,发现姿态角系统误差随时间线性变化的规律。为了提高定位精度,本文提出一种针对面阵的顾及姿态线性误差的偏置矩阵和二维探元指向角几何检校模型。相对于传统的姿态角常差检校模型,本文方法考虑了姿态角系统误差随时间线性变化的规律。试验结果表明,经过内外方位元素检校后,卫星的定位精度从数十千米提升到十米以内,相对于传统的常差模型,本文提出的检校模型有效地消除了姿态随时间线性变化的系统误差。     

微卫星分型方法进行中国明对虾家系系谱鉴定

微卫星(microsatellite)又称简单序列重复(simple sequence repeats,SSR),是20世纪80年代末期发展起来的DNA分子标记技术,以其数量多、分布广、多态性丰富、检测快速方便、共显性遗传等优点而被广泛应用于构建连锁图谱、个体识别、亲子鉴定、遗传多样性分析、疾病诊断、基因定位等诸多领域.微卫星研究的层次也从群体、个体到基因的表达.虽然有关微卫星起源、演化等相关的理论问题还未研究清楚,但自微卫星标记被发现始就被应用于相关研究,并显示出明显优势,是最具应用价值的标记技术之一.     

基于MTF滤波的北京一号小卫星遥感影像融合

北京一号小卫星提供4 m分辨率全色彩像和32 m分辨率多光谱影像,但其空间分辨率比值(1:8)较低,在对北京一号小卫星数据融合时存在空间信息损失问题.针对此问题首先从全色影像中提取成像系统的调制传递函数MTF(Modulate Transfer Function),根据MTF设计2维低通滤波器,通过对多光谱影像的亮度成分滤波估计低分辨率全色图像数据值,基于GIF(General Image Fusion)融合框架得到融合结果.实验证明本方法用于融合遥感影像的可行性,其空间信息的保持在视觉效果和定量指标上均优于IHS(Intensive-Hue-Saturation),BT(Brovey Transform)和GS(GramSchmidt)等传统的替换类融合算法,在空间信息和光谱信息的保持上亦有较好的折中.     

Inheritance of 15 microsatellites in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas： segregation and null allele identification for linkage analysis

Microsatellites were screened in a backcross family of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Fifteen microsatellite loci were distinguishable and polymorphic with 6 types of allele-combinations. Null alleles were detected in 46.7% of loci, accounting for 11.7% of the total alleles. Four loci did not segregate in Mendelian Ratios. Three linkage groups were identified among 7 of the 15 segregating loci. Fluorescence-based automated capillary electrophoresis (ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer) that used to detect the microsatellite loci, has been proved a fast, precise, and reliable method in microsatellite genotyping.     

Inheritance of 15 microsatellites in the Pacific oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>: segregation and null allele identification for linkage analysis

Microsatellites were screened in a backcross family of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Fifteen microsatellite loci were distinguishable and polymorphic with 6 types of allele-combinations. Null alleles were detected in 46.7% of loci, accounting for 11.7% of the total alleles. Four loci did not segregate in Mendelian Ratios. Three linkage groups were identified among 7 of the 15 segregating loci. Fluorescence-based automated capillary electrophoresis (ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer) that used to detect the microsatellite loci, has been proved a fast, precise, and reliable method in microsatellite genotyping. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.40730845, 39825121)     

Genetic heterogeneity in populations of the Mediterranean shore crab, Carcinus aestuarii (Decapoda,Portunidae), from the Venice Lagoon

Heterogeneity in genetic composition among recruits, mostly due to a large variance in reproductive success mediated by oceanographic processes, has been reported for marine species but is less understood in coastal lagoons' organisms. Temporal genetic variation in natural populations of the Mediterranean shore crab Carcinus aestuarii was quantified over a multi-year sample. A total of 486 adult crabs were collected at eight different sites of the Venice Lagoon during the period 2005–2007 and screened for genetic variation using 11 microsatellite loci. Two additional samples (N = 115) from neighbouring sites, located approximately 100 km North and South to the Venice Lagoon, were included for the sake of comparison. Our results show significant differences in allelic frequencies at the micro-geographic scale of the Venice Lagoon, observed between sites of collection, typologies of habitat, and areas with different class of ecological risk or pattern of hemocyanin expression. However, this pattern was not constant between years, with significant differences observed mainly in 2005 and 2006, but not in 2007. Our results indicate significant temporal differences suggesting the existence of dynamic processes that act on the genetic pool of this species. Although natural selection and gene flow might play a role, we suggest that genetic drift linked to large variation in the reproductive success of individuals is the most probable scenario to explain the local genetic patterns of differentiation in the Mediterranean shore crab. Our study, by providing the first evidence for the existence of genetic differences in this species at the micro-geographic scale, suggests that a better comprehension of the link between reproduction, recruitment and oceanography is critical to understand how colonization and maintenance of genetic variation is achieved in ephemeral and vulnerable environments such as coastal lagoons.     

微卫星技术路线的发展及在海洋生物中的应用

微卫星技术是目前应用最广泛的分子标记技术之一,关于其技术路线也在不断的改进和更新,本文主要结合近年来海洋生物应用中的进展情况对此进行了阐述。微卫星技术路线主要涉及4个方面:微卫星位点的开发、引物设计与合成、结果检测和数据分析。在这4个方面,微卫星技术正朝着结果分析更精确和自动化分析等方向发展,同时也存在着一定的问题,本文对此进行了展望。     

荧光标记微卫星分析人工饲养中华绒螯蟹的遗传多样性

分析中华绒螯蟹的遗传多样性,采集来自无锡、苏州和上海人工养殖样品102个,运用毛细管电泳检测荧光标记（FAM或HEX）的10个中华绒螯蟹微卫星DNA位点。在所有的3个群体中,单一位点等位基因数从15～42个,平均值为22．9;多态信息含量（PIC）和有效等位基因数（E）分别高达0．826和7．699。结果表明10个位点均为高度多态位点,中华绒螯蟹人工养殖群体具有较高的遗传多样性。欧氏遗传距离、遗传相似性和群体各亚群体内固定系数（Fst）平均值分别为0．439,0．825和0．099,结果显示不同的人工养殖群体之间也存在较大的遗传多样性。除上海群体在同步突变模式（SMM）下,近期不会有瓶颈（P=0．35）;所有群体在SMM和无限等位基因模式（IAM）下均有显著或极显著的瓶颈（P〈0．01或0．05）,结果说明科学的品种保护计划的迫切性。本研究首次选择遗传标记微卫星DNA评估中华绒螯蟹的遗传多样性,并采用高精度的毛细管电泳检测技术,将对中华绒螯蟹的品种保护和合理利国提倡科学依据。     

Parentage determination of black sea bream(Acanthopagrus schlegelii) for stock enhancement:effectiveness and loss of genetic variation

The stock enhancement programs for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii have been conducted in China for a fewyears.However,little information has been reported concerning the effectiveness and genetic effect of black sea bream stock enhancement.In order to detect the contribution of released individuals in Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE) and Daya Bay(DB),six microsatellite markers were used to identify the hatchery-released individuals.In addition,this pedigree of hatchery populations(broodfish and hatchery-released offspring) was traced to detect the number of effective parents(N_e),the inbreeding coefficient and the decrease of genetic variability in the reproduction.The pedigree reconstruction showed that at least 69(out of 93) broodfish had offspring.The estimated N_e was 54.8,consequently the inbreeding coefficient was 0.91%.The genetic diversity of hatchery-released offspring was lower than that in that of broodfish(heterozygosity alleles,0.727-0.774),some alleles(number of alleles,61-69) and genetic variance were lost during reproduction.It was observed that wild samples had higher levels of genetic diversity compared with hatchery populations as well as recaptured samples in releasing area.A total of 128 hatchery-released black sea bream were identified among 487 recaptured samples in ZRE,while a total of 15 samples were identified among 96 samples in DB.In summary,there was a high survival of released fish.Nevertheless,the results provided evidence to consider a loss of genetic variation in hatcheryreleased stock and a negative genetic effect of the stock enhancement.     

三峡库区短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)新建种群的年龄结构、生长特征及遗传多样性分析

2019~2020年在三峡库区巫山(WS)、万州(WZ)、丰都(FD)、涪陵(FL)4个采样点采集到新建短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)种群153尾个体,基于鳞片和10个微卫星DNA标记进行年龄结构、生长特征与遗传多样性分析。结果显示,短颌鲚种群体长分布范围为102.1~301.6mm,平均体长(196.6±40.0)mm;体重分布范围为1.90~79.70g,平均体重(17.70±13.06)g。短颌鲚种群年龄组为1~5龄,其中2龄和3龄为优势年龄组,占总个体数的82.35%。体长-体重呈幂函数指数关系,属于正异速生长类型。微卫星DNA标记分析结果显示,10个微卫星位点共检测到82个等位基因,各群体平均等位基因数(N_a)为5.600 0~7.300 0,平均有效等位基因数(N_e)为3.541 4~3.831 5,平均观测杂合度(H_o)为0.617 7~0.700 0,平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.682 3~0.702 9之间,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.628 5~0.648 4。4个群体的遗传多样性水平均较高,呈现出由三峡库区下游至上游逐渐减小的特点。遗传结构分析结果显示,群体间遗传分化水平很低,遗传变异主要来源于个体内部。结果表明,三峡库区短颌鲚种群处于快速扩张阶段,4个群体均具有较丰富的遗传多样性,遗传结构未发生显著群体分化,群体间基因交流频繁。由此提示,三峡库区短颌鲚很可能来源于三峡大坝下种群扩张迁入三峡库区水域而繁殖建群。