Temporal and depth distribution of microepiphytes on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in a meadow off Tunisia

A survey on the epiphytic microorganisms growing on Posidonia oceanica leaves was conducted along a depth transect along the coast of Eastern Tunisia (Mahdia). Samples were collected by SCUBA diving at depths of 3, 5, 10 and 12 m in July 2008 and January 2009. A total of 58 microepiphyte taxa were identified. Multivariate analyses revealed temporal and spatial variation of the abundance of epiphytic microalgae. Water motion, light availability, temperature and motility of species seem to be responsible of temporal and bathymetric variations of epiphytic microalgae. Unlike diatoms, dinoflagellates were more abundant in deep waters, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to hydrodynamics. The significant correlation between leaf area index and abundance of epiphytic species indicates that the phenological parameters of the host plant influence the abundance of the epiphytic microorganisms. Among the epiphytic dinoflagellates, our data showed a great number of potentially toxic species (Alexandrium minitum, Amphidinium carterae, Karenia selliformis, Coolia monatis, Karlodinium veneficum, Ostreopsis siamensis, Prorocentrum concavum, Prorocentrum minimum, Prorocentrum rathymum and Prorocentrum lima). These species were more abundant in the deep station under more sheltered conditions than found at inshore shallower stations, which are subjected to high water motion.     

深海沉积物宏基因组文库构建及淀粉酶筛选

深海环境通常具有高盐,高压,高/低温,无光照等特点,使得海洋微生物存在一套独特的生理代谢机制和分子细胞结构,然而迄今绝大部分深海微生物不能在实验室条件下被分离培养,深海微生物资源开发遇到很大挑战。本研究通过不依赖培养的方法研究海洋微生物的基因资源,构建了南海深海沉积物fosmid宏基因组文库,共获得约39 600个克隆,插入片段范围在24~45 kb之间,平均插入片段大小为33 kb,克隆片段的总库容达到1 320 Mb。通过功能筛选获得3个具有淀粉酶活性的克隆子,选取其中最适温度较低的amy7作为进一步研究对象。构建amy7插入片段的重组质粒文库,获得一个同样有淀粉酶活性的克隆子amy7-6。经测序,克隆子amy7-6含有3 291 bp插入片段,序列比对分析后发现其中一个大小为1 920 bp的ORF,其编码的蛋白质序列(AmyS)与各种来源的糖苷酶有着较高的相似性。     

冰川表层雪样中微生物总DNA几种提取方法的比较研究

通过对4种具有不同裂解方式的微生物总DNA提取方法的比较,筛选出较佳的方法进行滤膜处理、DNA抽提及沉淀的优化,再将优化出的传统DNA提取方法与商业化试剂盒提取方法比较.结果表明:商业化试剂盒提取总DNA的方法适用于冰川表层雪微生物总DNA的提取;其次,将滤膜剪碎,用溶菌酶(5mg.mL-1)+蛋白酶K(1mg.mL-1)+CTAB(1%)+SDS(1%)的裂解方式,氯仿:异戊醇(24∶1)抽提一次,乙醇沉淀DNA的提取方法是一种效果较佳且廉价的冰川表层雪微生物总DNA提取方法.     

海冰细菌研究进展

地球两极海洋上覆盖的海冰为微生物提供了一个极端的生存环境。微生物在这环境中生存需要生理和代谢上的复杂适应机制。现有的研究表明,细菌在海冰中旺盛地生长繁殖,并在极区生态系统中占有重要地位。同时海冰细菌也已成为生命现象多样性等基础研究领域和生物工程领域的新热点。本文就近年来国内外在海冰细菌系统发育组成、生态生理学、生态作用和环境适应等方面所取得的研究进展进行简述,并初步探讨了今后海冰细菌研究中需要解决的一些问题。     

贵州赫章土法炼锌导致的土壤重金属污染特征及微生物生态效应

贵州省赫章县妈姑镇新关寨附近的土法炼锌不仅导致植被的破坏，而且使附近土壤中重金属有不同程度的积累，Zn达到162.23-877.88mg/kg,Pb为37.24-305.56mg/kg,Cd为0.50-16.43mg/kg，大大超过了当地的土壤背景值；而且重金属含量（特别是Pb和Zn含量）与土壤中的Fe2O3和Al2O3有极显著的正相关关系，显示土壤中铁氧化物和粘土矿物对重金属的固定作用。化学形态研究表明，Pb和Zn在土壤中主要表现为铁锰氧化物结合态与残渣态，而Cd的情况与Pb和Zn完全相反，其形态以可交换态为主。本区土壤微生物生物量（用含碳量表示）较低，仅为57.00-388.00μg/g，而且与土壤重金属间有显著的负相关关系，特别是与Zn的相关系数高达-0.7801，反映出重金属对微生物的毒害作用。Biolog测试结果表明，土壤微生物群落结构间没有明显的差别；土壤微生物DNA经PCR（聚合酶链式反应）和DGGE（变性梯度胶电泳）反应后的基因片段非常一致，反映出不同程度的重金属污染并没有导致土壤微生物群落结构的改变和基因损伤，另一方面也表明，土壤本身有强烈的固定重金属能力，抵御了重金属对土壤生物的进一步毒害。     

陕西蓝田黄土剖面中的微生物初步研究

作者对陕西蓝田公王岭１２０万年以来的黄土剖面中微生物的种类、含量及其变化进行了初步研究，结果表明：早更新世晚期（Ｑ）以后的黄土和古土壤中含有芽孢菌，少量青霉菌，无有放线菌；剖面自上而下，微生物含量有递减规律，而且相邻的黄土和古土壤层中，微生物含量是古土壤中多于黄土中；霉菌主要见于中、早更新世分界面附近及其以下层位。     

热带太平洋活性微生物菌株的筛选和鉴定

从热带太平洋的生物、海水、沉积物样品中分离到细菌、酵母和霉菌共475株．选择8个指示菌并采用圆形纸片法对分离菌株的发酵液进行抗菌和抗肿瘤活性筛选，获得20个具有抗菌和／或抗肿瘤活性的微生物菌株．细菌、酵母和霉菌活性菌株的筛选得率都比较低，分别为5．4％、2．2％和3．4％，其原因可能与纸片的发酵液的添加量较少和菌株发酵条件的控制有关．同时采用分子生物学方法鉴定了活性菌株，除4株未有结果外，其余菌株分归为9个属，其中芽孢杆菌属7株、占活性菌株的35％，盐单胞菌属2株、占10％，其它菌属各1株、占5％．抑菌谱分析表明，大多数活性菌株对革兰氏阳性细菌具有抑制作用，而来源于鱼体的菌株抑菌谱较广，对细菌、真菌均有拮抗作用，另外还发现一株酵母（Rhodosporidium toruloides）可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌．作者提出“活性指示（activity index）”参数，对活性菌株的抗菌谱和活性强度进行综合评估，也表明源于鱼体的菌株的活性指示值较高．这4株芽孢杆菌尤其是DY-Y-11A1A菌株，具有潜在的后续开发价值．     

Microorganisms Linked to Neoproterozoic Microspar Carbonate Sedimentation in the Jilin-Liaoning Area

Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary     

Ancient Microorganisms and Carotenoids Preserved in Fluid Inclusions in Halite from Chaka Salt Lake,Western China: Evidence from Micro-observation and in situ Raman Spectroscopy

Trapped ancient microorganisms in halite fluid inclusions are of special interest to the understanding of biology and ecology in salt lake systems.With the integration of petrologic,microthermometric,and Raman spectroscopic analyses,this study utilizes fluid inclusions from Chaka Salt Lake,eastern Qaidam Basin,NW China,to assess the possibility of microorganism-trapping by fluid inclusions.Here,we report that the solid phase of some primary fluid inclusions contains carotenoids,which is interpreted as evidence of Dunaliella algae,and that the coexisting liquid phase comprises SO_4~(2-).The homogenization temperatures of single-phase primary fluid inclusions indicate that the precipitation temperature of the Holocene halite in Chaka Salt Lake ranges from 13.5°C to 36.4°C.This suggests that fluid inclusions in halite are a good medium for trapping and preserving ancient microorganisms and organic matter in salt lakes,and that Raman spectroscopy has good potential to identify halophilic archaea.     

Advances in the microbial mineralization of seafloor hydrothermal systems

Research on the biomineralization in modern seafloor hydrothermal systems is conducive to unveiling the mysteries of the early Earth’s history, life evolution, subsurface biosphere and microbes in outer space. The hydrothermal biomineralization has become a focus of geo-biological research in the last decade, since the introduction of the microelectronic technology and molecular biology technology. Microorganisms play a critical role in the formations of oxide/hydroxides (e.g. Fe, Mn, S and Si oxide/hydroxides) and silicates on the seafloor hydrothermal systems globally. Furthermore, the biomineralization of modern chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms is regarded as a nexus between the geosphere and the biosphere, and as an essential complement of bioscience and geology. In this paper, we summarize the research progress of hydrothermal biomineralization, including the biogenic minerals, the microbial biodiversity, and also the interactions between minerals and microorganisms. In the foreseeable future, the research on hydrothermal biomineralization will inspire the development of geosciences and biosciences and thus enrich our knowledge of the Earth’s history, life evolution and even astrobiology.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.