Double funnelling in a mature coastal British Columbia forest: spatial patterns of stemflow after infiltration

Many studies have focused on the amount of stemflow in different forests and for different rainfall events, but few studies have focused on how stemflow intensity varies during events or the infiltration of stemflow into the soil. Stemflow may lead to higher water delivery rates at the base of the tree compared with throughfall over the same area and fast and deeper infiltration of this water along roots and other preferential flow pathways. In this study, stemflow amounts and intensities were measured and blue dye experiments were conducted in a mature coniferous forest in coastal British Columbia to examine double funnelling of stemflow. Stemflow accounted for only 1% of precipitation and increased linearly with event total precipitation. Funnelling ratios ranged from less than 1 to almost 20; smaller trees had larger funnelling ratios. Stemflow intensity generally was highest for periods with high‐intensity rainfall later in the event. The maximum stemflow intensities were higher than the maximum precipitation intensities. Dye tracer experiments showed that stemflow infiltrated primarily along roots and was found more frequently at depth than near the soil surface. Lateral flow of stemflow was observed above a dense clay layer for both the throughfall and stemflow experiments. Stemflow appeared to infiltrate deeper (122 cm) than throughfall (85 cm), but this difference was in part a result of site‐specific differences in maximum soil depth. However, the observed high stemflow intensities combined with preferential flow of stemflow may lead to enhanced subsurface stormflow. This suggests that even though stemflow is only a very minor component of the water balance, it may still significantly affect soil moisture, recharge, and runoff generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用普鲁士蓝/活性炭复合材料回收提钾后的盐湖卤水中铯

以亚铁氰化钾为单源前驱体,以活性炭为载体,采用超声辅助均匀沉淀法,制备了普鲁士蓝/活性炭复合材料(PB/AC)。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射、X-射线光电子能谱和傅立叶变换红外光谱技术,对PB/AC的形貌、结构和组成进行了表征。结果表明:立方体结构的PB微晶均匀地分布在活性炭表面。研究考察了PB/AC对水溶液中铯离子(Cs~+)的吸附和脱附性能。在pH=7、45℃和180 min条件下,PB/AC对Cs~+的最大吸附量为49.17 mg/g;在pH=2、45℃和240 min条件下,Cs~+的脱附率可达88.5%。     

内蒙古东南地区落叶松晚材蓝光强度对气候因子的响应

以内蒙古东南部白音罕山落叶松样芯为研究对象,建立研究区124年(1895—2018年)树木年轮晚材蓝光强度差值年表.通过选取年表(1895—1998年)与气象因子的响应分析发现:落叶松晚材蓝光强度年表与6—8月的温度(r=0.42,P<0.01)存在显著的正相关,与6—8月的降水(r=-0.39,P<0.05)和7—1...     

广东省红树林土壤碳储量及固碳潜力研究

利用文献收集和数据整合的方法,对广东省不同红树林群落和地区的碳储量及碳埋藏速率进行了系统梳理。研究发现,广东省红树林的面积为9 106.21 hm²,土壤碳储量为1 542.02 GgC,土壤碳密度为0.23 GgC/hm²。广东省内红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)和木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)群落的土壤碳密度最高,分别是0.27和0.23 GgC/hm²,而秋茄(Kandelia candel)群落土壤碳密度最低,仅为0.13 GgC/hm²。广东13个沿海地市的红树林土壤碳储量按大小顺序为湛江(894.5 GgC)>阳江(195.4 GgC)>江门(97.7 GgC)>珠海(91.0GgC)>茂名(59.6 GgC)>汕头(51.4 GgC)>中山(49.2 GgC)>惠州(36.1 GgC)>广州(35.1 GgC)>深圳(18.3 GgC)>汕尾(10.8 GgC)>东莞(2.8 GgC)&...     

TiO2/浮石复合材料降解有机污染物亚甲基蓝的实验研究

利用天然浮石的孔隙结构和小比重等特点,以浮石为原料、TiOSO4为TiO2前驱体,采用水热合成法,在200℃、15 h条件下,制备出可漂浮的TiO2/浮石复合材料.采用10×10-5mol/L亚甲基蓝水溶液,在紫外光下进行光催化实验.并用紫外可见分光光度计检测亚甲基蓝浓度变化.实验结果表明,TiO2/浮石复合材料能够降解亚甲基蓝.该材料的孔隙结构对亚甲基蓝有聚集作用,促进了负载的TiO2的光催化性能的发挥.因为成本低廉,性能优越,TiO2/浮石复合材料在有机污染物治理方面具有很大的应用潜力.     

海带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯测定方法的研究

应用次甲基蓝分光光度法测定溶液中岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的含量 ,有色化合物的最大吸收波长为 5 6 0 nm ,在 4～ 2 0μg/ m L内线性良好 (r=0 .999) ,回收率为 (96 .2 7± 1.6 6 ) %。在测定过程中 ,无机盐影响较大 ,蛋白质影响很小 ,而 p H值、其它糖没有影响 ,PBS(磷酸盐缓冲液 )能完全消除褐藻胶对测定的影响。实验证明 ,该方法准确、快速、灵敏度高。     

淀山湖蓝藻发生程度气象预测模型

为了为淀山湖蓝藻控制提供技术依据,根据1998—2009年淀山湖蓝藻发生程度和同期气象资料,用相关分析方法分析淀山湖蓝藻暴发的气象条件,用逐步判别方法建立淀山湖蓝藻发生程度的气象预测模型。结果表明:主要影响淀山湖蓝藻暴发的气象因子是温度。气象指标为:7—8月平均气温大于等于29℃,6—9月日最高气温大于等于35℃日数大于等于16天,7—8月日照时数大于等于420h,6—8月降水量小于等于420mm;气象预测模型Ⅰ(起报时间6月初)和模型Ⅱ(起报时间8月初)拟合的准确率分别为91.7%和100%;2010年试报,模型Ⅰ预测正确,模型Ⅱ预测值比实际值低1级。建立的淀山湖蓝藻发生程度气象预测模型可应用于业务。     

Young star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud: NGC 1805 and 1818

We present colour–magnitude diagrams for two rich (≈10⁴ M_⊙) Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters with ages ≈10⁷ yr, constructed from optical and near-infrared data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope . These data are part of an HST project to study LMC clusters with a range of ages. In this paper we investigate the massive star content of the young clusters, and determine the cluster ages and metallicities, paying particular attention to Be-star and blue-straggler populations and evidence of age spreads. We compare our data with detailed stellar-population simulations to investigate the turn-off structure of ≈25 Myr stellar systems, highlighting the complexity of the blue-straggler phenomenon.     

胶州湾产蓝色素海洋链霉菌的初步研究

在胶州湾沿海采取泥样和水样,从中分离了300余株海洋链霉菌(marine Streptomyces),并对其生理生化性质作了初步研究,建立了胶州湾海洋链霉菌菌种库。在该菌种库中,约有3%的菌株可产生天然蓝色素。其中一株海洋链霉菌(marine Streptomycessp.)M259能够高产天然蓝色素。M259对绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas areuginosa)、隐球菌(Crytococcal meningitis)有较强的抑菌活性。对其生理生化性质进行了鉴定,结果表明它可以利用可溶性淀粉、甘油、蔗糖、甘露醇、葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、果糖、阿拉伯糖、肌醇、木糖、D-甘露糖、核糖等碳源;能利用大部分氮源,尤其对酵母粉的利用很显著;最适生长pH为7.0~7.4;最适培养温度为28~30℃。结果提示它属于蓝色类群,并与天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces cyanogenus)和产蓝链霉菌(Streptomyces ceolicolor)亲缘关系最为密切。此外还优化了M259的发酵培养基和培养条件,使得蓝色素在摇瓶条件下,OD590达到7.74。通过对M259所产蓝色素性质的研究,发现此色素水溶性较强,耐热性较好,在酸性条件下呈红色,在碱性条件下呈蓝色。此外,毒性实验的结果表明所提纯的蓝色素没有毒性,为进一步开发和利用该色素提供了可能。     

全天空成像仪云量计算方法的改进

全天空成像仪（total sky imager 440,TSI-440）可以实现白天全天空云量的持续自动监测,时空分辨率较高,得到的云量计算结果更精确.首先介绍了TSI-440的基本原理和资料格式,并基于太湖地区2008年5-10月的TSI-440资料及无锡站地面观测资料,采用统计方法详细地分析了不同天气情况下图像的成像特征及云量的计算误差.结果发现：图像的成像特征与能见度密切相关,红蓝比值随着能见度的减小而增大.另外,仪器在处理阴天图像及复杂天空（多云）图像时,易造成一定的云量计算误差.针对上述问题,本文通过直方图分析,重新选定了红蓝比阈值（晴空点阈值0.62,云点阈值0.66）,基于新阈值计算的云量结果较仪器自带的处理结果更为准确,减小了因天气状况不同而产生的云量计算误差.