Climate impacts on global irrigation requirements under 19 GCMs,simulated with a vegetation and hydrology model

Abstract

This study quantifies global changes in irrigation requirements for areas presently equipped for irrigation of major crop types, using climate projections from 19 GCMs up to the 2080s. Analysis is based on results from the global eco-hydrological model LPJmL that simulates the complex and dynamic interplay of direct and indirect climate change effects upon irrigation requirements. We find a decrease in global irrigation demand by ～17% in the ensemble median, due to a combination of beneficial CO₂ effects on plants, shorter growing periods and regional precipitation increases. In contrast, increases of >20% are projected with a high likelihood (i.e. in more than two thirds of the climate change scenarios) for some regions, including southern Europe, and, with a lower likelihood, for parts of Asia and North America as well. If CO₂ effects were not accounted for, however, global irrigation demand would hardly change, and increases would prevail in most regions except for southern Asia (where higher precipitation is projected). We stress that the CO₂ effects may not be realized everywhere, that irrigation requirements will probably increase further due to growing global food demand (not considered here), and that a significant amount of water to meet future irrigation requirements will have to be taken from fossil groundwater, environmental flow reserves or diverted rivers.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Montanari

Citation Konzmann, M., Gerten, D., and Heinke, J., 2013. Climate impacts on global irrigation requirements under 19 GCMs, simulated with a vegetation and hydrology model. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–18.     

山东半岛蓝色经济区地热资源与开发利用区划

为了适应山东半岛蓝色经济区多产业快速发展的需求,通过区内地热资源开发利用现状调查、抽水试验、地热地质钻探等资料及以往地热地质研究成果,对山东半岛蓝色经济区地热地质条件进行了分析总结,将其分为层状、带状热储类型进行了地热资源量计算,从地热资源勘察、开发、利用条件和地热资源开发前景方面入手,结合区内交通、经济发展等社会环境,对半岛蓝色经济区地热资源进行开发利用区划,提出了地热资源开发利用方案及保护措施。     

Effects of different light conditions on repair of UV-B-induced damage in carpospores of Chondrus ocellatus Holm

We evaluated the effects of ultraviolet-B(UV-B) radiation and different light conditions on the repair of UV-B-induced damage in carpospores of C hondrus ocellatus Holm(Rhodophyta) in laboratory experiments. Carpospores were treated daily with different doses of UV-B radiation for 48 days,when vertical branches had formed in all treatments; after each daily treatment,the carpospores were subjected to photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),darkness,red light,or blue light during a 2-h repair stage. Carpospore diameters were measured every 4 days. We measured the growth and cellular contents of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers(CPDs),chlorophyll a,phycoerythrin,and UV-B-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids(MAAs) in carpospores on Day 48. Low doses of UV-B radiation(36 and 72 J/m 2) accelerated the growth of C. ocellatus. However,as the amount of UV-B radiation increased,the growth rate decreased and morphological changes occurred. UV-B radiation significant damaged DNA and photosynthetic pigments and induced three kind of MAAs,palythine,asterina-330,and shinorine. PAR conditions were best for repairing UV-B-induced damage. Darkness promoted the activity of the DNA darkrepair mechanism. Red light enhanced phycoerythrin synthesis but inhibited light repair of DNA. Although blue light,increased the activity of DNA photolyase,greatly improving remediation efficiency,the growth and development of C. ocellatus carpospores were slower than in other light treatments.     

Possible solution to the problem of the extreme mass ratio W UMa-type binaries

When the total angular momentum of a binary system is at a critical (minimum) value, a tidal instability occurs (Darwin's instability), eventually forcing the stars to merge into a single, rapidly rotating object. The instability sets in at some critical separation which in the case of contact binaries corresponds to a minimum mass ratio depending on dimensionless gyration radius k ₁. If one considers   n = 3  polytrope (fully radiative primary with  Γ₁= 4/3  ),   k ²₁= 0.075  and   q _min≈ 0.085–0.095  . There appears to be, however, some W UMa-type binaries with q values very close, if not below these theoretical limits, implying that primary in these systems is probably more centrally condensed. We try to solve the discrepancy between theory and observations by considering rotating polytropes. We show by deriving and solving a modified Lane–Emden equation for   n = 3  polytrope that including the effects of rotation does increase the central concentration and could reduce   q _min  to as low as 0.070–0.074, more consistent with the observed population.     

明溪蓝刚玉的水热溶液改色实验初步研究

明溪蓝刚中Fe主要以Fe^3 形式存在，Fe^3 的d-d电子跃迁和Fe^2 -Ti^4 /Fe^3 -Ti^3 、O^2-Fe^3 间电荷转移是致色的主要因素；浓度差可以作为扩散动力；氢含量的提高可以促进蓝色致因子的形成。采用高温高压水溶液方法对蓝刚玉进行改色处理，可消除刚玉中的杂色调，使颜色向纯蓝色方向变化。     

内蒙古东南地区落叶松晚材蓝光强度对气候因子的响应

以内蒙古东南部白音罕山落叶松样芯为研究对象,建立研究区124年(1895—2018年)树木年轮晚材蓝光强度差值年表.通过选取年表(1895—1998年)与气象因子的响应分析发现:落叶松晚材蓝光强度年表与6—8月的温度(r=0.42,P<0.01)存在显著的正相关,与6—8月的降水(r=-0.39,P<0.05)和7—1...     

Temporal and spatial changes of blue water and green water in the Taihang Mountain Region,China, in the past 60 years

ABSTRACT

Appropriate allocation of limited freshwater resources to humans and ecosystems is an important issue hampering sustainable development in mountainous regions. The Taihang Mountain Region (TMR), including the Yellow and Hai river basins, is an important water source area for the North China Plain. The distributed hydrological model Water and Energy transfer Processes in Large river basins (WEP-L) was used to simulate the water cycle processes and to summarize the temporal and spatial changes in the blue and green water in the TMR from 1956 to 2015. The results show that in the period 2011–2015 the annual average blue water decreased by 7.31 × 10⁹ m³, while the annual average green water increased by 13.60 × 10⁹ m³ compared to 1956–1960. At the inter-annual time scale, the blue water exhibited a downward trend while the green water exhibited an upward trend. The amount of seasonal blue water in the TMR is ranked in descending order: summer, autumn, spring and winter, while for green water, the rank is summer, spring, autumn and winter. The amounts of blue and green water are higher on the windward than on the leeward slopes. The blue water yield is generally higher in forests and grasslands than in farmland, while the green water exhibits the opposite response. A greater emphasis should be placed on the widening gap between blue water and green water due to climate warming, and on soil and water conservation measures.     

Hydrological modelling of the Vistula and Odra river basins using SWAT

This paper presents a large-scale application of the SWAT model for water balance and natural streamflow simulation in the entire basins of the Vistula and the Odra, covering most of the territory of Poland. A tailored calibration approach was designed to achieve satisfactory goodness-of-fit across a range of catchment sizes. Model calibration and evaluation driven by high-resolution climate data showed overall good behaviour for 80 benchmark catchments divided into eight clusters, and spatial evaluation for 30 gauges showed that the designed regionalization scheme performed well (median KGE of 0.76). Basin-averaged estimates of blue and green water flow and green water storage estimated using the calibrated model were 185, 517 and 206 mm, respectively. This study provides a basis for future work, such as assessing climate change impacts on hydrology, assessing flow alterations, and water quality simulation. The model output is publicly available through an online research data archive (doi:10.4121/uuid:b8ab4f5f-f692-4c93-a910-2947aea28f42).

EDITOR A. Castellarin

ASSOCIATE EDITOR G. Thirel