我国华中地区稻田甲烷排放特征

本文主要讨论地处我国华中水稻生态区的湖南红壤稻田的CH4排放特征。稻田CH4排放的日变化都有一致的规律，即在下午16:00左右出现最大值；CH4排放的日变化幅度与天气条件和水稻植物体有关；CH4排放的日变化与温度日变化的相关性很好（R>0.90）。早稻和晚稻的CH4排放季节变化规律有明显的差别，这主要是由于早、晚稻水稻生长期间的天气特别是空气温度变化的差异引起的，早稻CH4排放率在水稻生长中期（6月）略大，而晚稻在水稻移栽后几天内CH4排放就达到整个季节中的最大值，以后随时间逐渐降低；缺水会使CH4排放率明显降低，而且在重新灌水后相当长时间内CH4排放率没有回升；CH4排放在全有机肥的田中最大，然后依次是常规施肥、全沼渣肥及化肥田；尿素、氯化钾和复合肥的多施可降低稻田CH4排放率；不同施肥田中CH4排放率的温度效应不同；施肥是控制CH4排放的一种可行手段；在整个晚稻生长季节中瞬时CH4排放率与瞬时温度呈明显的指数关系；在1991年双季水稻生长季节中，稻田中CH4的排放量为67.96 g·m-2，其中早稻的CH4排放率为0.36 g·m-2·d-1，晚稻为0.48 g·m-2·d-1。     

南海甲烷渗漏研究进展及其对我国南海科学钻探选址的启示

天然气水合物是极具潜力的能源资源，具有重要的战略价值，加强对天然气水合物的勘探已成为各国共识。天然气水合物只有在低温高压的条件下才能稳定存在，外部环境的变化极容易导致水合物的分解，从而引发海底甲烷渗漏。因此，研究海底甲烷渗漏事件对于天然气水合物勘探具有重要的理论和实践意义。南海作为西太平洋最大的边缘海，资源丰富，战略地位突出，是研究天然气水合物的天然实验室。甲烷渗漏活动过程的演化，以及甲烷渗漏自生矿物的成因及其与甲烷活动的关系等作为新兴的事件沉积学课题，在部分研究方向上已取得突出进展。本文总结了近年来南海沉积物甲烷渗漏事件研究取得的基本认识，主要包括：① 甲烷气体的成因和来源；② 地质学、地球化学和地球物理学等多学科、多指标识别体系；③ 甲烷渗漏通量的时间变化特征及其潜在驱动力，并指出了目前研究的亮点及局限。根据目前的研究进展，笔者提出了未来具有潜力的研究手段和可能的发展方向，同时建议将南海琼东南盆地海马冷泉区作为我国大洋钻探船未来在南海的钻探目标区。     

神狐海域水合物储层地质沉降数值模拟研究

我国南海神狐海域赋存大量天然气水合物资源,能够有效解决我国未来的能源紧缺问题。但由于其储层地质特征复杂,储层物性条件差,开采难度大,开发成本高,商业化开采之前仍需要进行大量的基础研究工作。本研究通过数值模拟手段研究南海神狐海域水合物,根据实际地质参数建立数值模拟模型,采用单一垂直井开采手段,研究不同生产参数对开采的影响,并对地质沉降进行评估,结果表明,井底压力越低,储层打开程度越高,产气速度越快,但是地层沉降越明显,为避免地质灾害,应合理控制生产压力。     

Geochemical studies of pore fluid in surface sediment on the Daini Atsumi Knoll

We collected sediment samples and pore water samples from the surface sediment on the Daini Atsumi Knoll, and analyzed the sediments for CH₄, C₂H₆, and δ¹³C_CH4, and the pore fluids for CH₄, C₂H₆, δ¹³C_CH4, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, δ¹⁸O_H2O, and δD_H2O, respectively. A comparison of the measured concentration and isotopic composition of methane in pore water samples with those in sediment samples revealed that methane was present in the sediment samples at a higher concentration and was isotopically heavier than those in the pore water samples. It suggests that the effect of the release of a sorbed gas bound to organic particles when heated prior to analysis of hydrocarbons was larger than that of the degassing process. A large amount of a sorbed gas would be a significant source of natural gas. Two striking features are the chemical and isotopic composition of the pore water samples taken from the different sites around the Daini Atsumi Knoll. In the KL09, KL10, and KP07 samples, Cl⁻ concentrations in the pore water samples showed depletion to a minimum of 460 mmol/kg, correspond to  17% dilution of seawater, however the latter was not enriched in CH₄. The isotopic compositions of pore water samples suggested the low-Cl⁻ fluids in the pore water were not derived from dissociation of methane hydrate, but were derived from input of meteoric water. In contrast, in the KP05 samples from the north flank of the Daini Atsumi Knoll, pore water were characterized by CH₄ enrichment more than 370 μmol/kg, but not depleted in Cl⁻ concentrations. The observed methane concentration in the KP05 samples is not sufficient for methane hydrate to form in situ, indicating that the existence of methane hydrate in the surface sediment is negligible, as supported by Cl⁻ concentration. Based on the stable carbon isotope ratio of methane in the pore fluid from the KP05 site (δ¹³C_CH4 < − 50‰PDB), methane is thought to be of microbial origin. The pore waters in the surface sediments in the north flank of the Daini Atsumi Knoll were not directly influenced by upward fluid bearing methane of thermogenic origin from a deeper part of the sedimentary layer. However, extremely high methane concentration in the north flank site as compared with the concentration of pore water taken from the normal seafloor suggests that the north flank site is not the normal seafloor. We hypothesize that upward migration of chemically-reduced fluids from a deeper zone of the sedimentary layer reduces chemically-oxidized solutes in the surface sediment. As a consequence methane production replaced sulfate reduction as the microbial metabolism in the reduced environment of the surface sediment.     

煤矿瓦斯中H_2S气体的吸附特性及其对治理的影响

基于新疆和山西气煤及瘦煤对H_2S、CH_4和N_2的平衡水条件下的等温吸附实验及Langmuir模型和D-A模型对实验数据的模拟结果,来研究煤矿瓦斯中H_2S气体的吸附特性及其影响因素,并探讨其与H_2S异常矿井的治理关系。结果显示:不同于CH_4和N_2在煤中主要以微孔吸附为主(90%以上),煤中H_2S气体的微孔吸附量仅占Langmuir最大吸附量的36.26%~57.21%,平均为45.99%;气体分子本身的性质是影响煤中H_2S吸附的主要因素,尤其分子直径是影响H_2S气体V_0/V_L远小于CH_4和N2的这种现象的主要原因,也是造成微孔中H_2S气体难以解吸的主要原因;基于H_2S气体在煤中吸附解吸特征,提出应从H_2S气体分子本身入手,结合矿井煤层地质条件来治理煤矿中的硫化氢。     

Reservoir characteristics and methane adsorption capacity of the Upper Triassic continental shale in Western Sichuan Depression,China

The well-developed continental shale sequences in the Western Sichuan Depression are characterised by extremely low porosity and permeability, complex lithologies and strong lateral facies changes. The overall lack of proper characterisation of the shale properties has restricted gas exploration and development in the region. In this study, shales from the fifth member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic (T₃x⁵) are comprehensively characterised in terms of their organic geochemistry, mineral composition, microscopic pore structure and gas content. In addition, the influence of various geological factors on the adsorbed gas content is investigated. We proposed a new model for predicting the adsorption gas content of continental shale. The T₃x⁵ shale sequence is found to be rich in organic matter but with variable mineral compositions, pore types and reservoir physical properties. The porosity and permeability of shales are better than those of siltstones and fine sandstones interbedded with the shale under an overall densification background. Mesopores (2–50 nm) are common in the shale sequence, followed by micropores and then macropores. The gas-adsorption capacity of organic-rich shales increases with increasing TOC and clay-mineral contents, maturity and pressure, but decreases with increasing quartz content, carbonate minerals and temperature. The gas-adsorption capacity can thus be expressed as a function of organic matter, clay-mineral content, temperature and pressure. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiment results and indicate that adsorption gas in the studied shales accounts for 78.9% of the total gas content.     

加拿大Mallik陆域永冻带天然气水合物成功试采回顾

1998年由加拿大地质调查局和日本国家石油公司领导,在加拿大麦肯齐三角洲永冻带实施的Mallik 2L-38水合物研究井的项目是成功的。但是,由于气候变暖和机械故障,水合物试采目标未能完成。加拿大地质调查局和日本国家石油公司与其它8个国际合作机构于2002年回到Mallik,钻进了3L-38和4L-38两口观测井,以及5L-38生产试验井。在5L-38井中采取了水合物岩心（采取率90%）并进行物探测井等研究,实施了2次短时生产试验——运用MDT的降压法与热注入法的试验。运用热冲洗液循环的热注入法获得了470 m3的气体产量。此后, 2007—2008年又重返于1998年钻成的2L-38井,对其进行加深、扩孔、下套管等,用于实施水合物试采。2007年,在此试验井内储层射孔井段安置潛水泵,抽水降低水位以减小储层压力,在125 h的降压试验期间产生830 m3的气体。试验证明,即使在如此短的时间内,降压法也是有效的。2008年在2L-38井68 d(139 h)的长时间试采过程中,持续产气2000～4000 m3/d,总共产量达13000 m3。此次试采数据表明,降压法对于水合物生产是一种正确可取的方法。2008年加拿大Mallik天然气水物试采项目的成功,是世界水合物研究和开发史上的一座里程碑。     

苏北滨海湿地互花米草潮滩CO2,CH4和N2O通量的日变化规律

The invasions of the alien species such as Spartina alterniflora along the northern Jiangsu coastlines have posed a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem function.Yet,limited attention has been given to their potential influence on greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions,including the diurnal variations of GHG fluxes that are fundamental in estimating the carbon and nitrogen budget.In this study,we examined the diurnal variation in fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_2),methane(CH_4),and nitrous oxide(N2O) from a S.alterniflora intertidal flat in June,October,and December of 2013 and April of 2014 representing the summer,autumn,winter,and spring seasons,respectively.We found that the average CH_4 fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive during the growing season while negative otherwise.The tidal flat of S.alterniflora acted as a source of CH_4 in summer(June) and a combination of source and sink in other seasons.We observed higher diurnal variations in the CO_2 and N_2O fluxes during the growing season(1 536.5 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 25.6 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) compared with those measured in the non-growing season(379.1 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 16.5 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)).The mean fluxes of CH_4 were higher at night than that in the daytime during all the seasons but October.The diurnal variation in the fluxes of CO_2 in June and N_2O in December fluctuated more than that in October and April.However,two peak curves in October and April were observed for the diurnal changes in CO_2 and N_2O fluxes(prominent peaks were found in the morning of October and in the afternoon of April,respectively).The highest diurnal variation in the N_2O fluxes took place at 15:00(86.4 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) in June with an unimodal distribution.Water logging in October increased the emission of CO_2(especially at nighttime),yet decreased N_2O and CH_4 emissions to a different degree on the daily scale because of the restrained diffusion rates of the gases.The seasonal and diurnal variations of CH_4 and CO_2 fluxes did not correlate to the air and soil temperatures,whereas the seasonal and diurnal variation of the fluxes of N_2O in June exhibited a significant correlation with air temperature.When N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were converted to CO_2-e equivalents,the emissions of N_2O had a remarkable potential to impact the global warming.The mean daily flux(MF) and total daily flux(TDF) were higher in the growing season,nevertheless,the MF and TDF of CO_2 were higher in October and those of CH_4 and N_2O were higher in June.In spite of the difference in the optimal sampling times throughout the observation period,our results obtained have implications for sampling and scaling strategies in estimating the GHG fluxes in coastal saline wetlands.     

天然气水合物资源潜力评价

作为一种新型能源的天然气水合物越来越引起人们的重视。研究表明,在永冻区水合物主要存在于地下130～2000m,海洋中的水合物主要存在于海底以下100～1100m,水合物矿层的厚度可从几厘米到30m左右。目前海相和极地永冻区水合物资源量估计约为20000万亿m^3。近些年来,很多国家包括日本、印度和美国投入大量的资金进行水合物资源的研究。虽然在有些基础性问题的研究上,如对已证实的含水合物地层中水合物聚集的资源量的估算等方面存在差异,但这些研究项目的开展可以帮助我们了解水合物储层的属性、开采体系的设计以及更为重要的开采成本及经济效益等关键性问题。     

潞安目标区煤层气赋存和生产的地质因素分析

分析了影响潞安目标区煤层气赋存和生产的主要地质因素,提出了本区煤层气井产气量低、产水量高的原因。潞安目标区与晋城目标区相比较,张性断层发育,3号煤顶板砂岩条带发育。地下水从浅部接受大气降水补给,部分在文王山和二岗山断裂带排泄,煤层顶板砂岩含水层与煤层不仅构成了一个统一的地下水系统,又由于与断层的沟通作用形成了一个完整的地下水补径排系统,使得地层能量被释放,煤层气大量运移逸散,煤储层压力降低,煤层气井产能降低。