现代湖泊沉积物中磁性矿物的研究及其环境意义

通过固城湖沉积物中高分辨率的岩石磁学取样及其实验研究，取得了环境磁学参数及各种磁参数的比值随深度的变化曲线，结合其他气候指标和同位素年龄结果，表明湖泊沉积中磁参数及其比值的变化能与末次晚冰期以来的古气候变化很好地相对应，尤其是在４．００ｍ和１２．０３ｍ的气候转折点上，沉积物中环境磁参数及其比值同样出现明显的变化，有力地说明沉积物中磁参数及其比值能很好地记录湖泊沉积物沉积时的古气候变化，并且可用来认识古环境突变的界线．     

北京城郊的地面沉降成因浅析

北京城区及近郊区的地面沉降，已成为一重要的地质灾害问题。它的成因与区域构造活动性、沉积物结构构造特点和地下水超量开采有关。     

西太平洋上层海水溶解甲烷浓度及碳同位素特征研究

对西太平洋上层海水溶解甲烷浓度的研究结果表明，该海域海水甲烷相对于大气甲烷是强烈过饱和的。甲烷浓度及碳同位素组成特征表明这部分甲烷为生物成因。该海域海－气交换过程中甲烷通量在０．７～１０．４ｎｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１，明显高于其它开放海域。     

五台山康家沟金矿成矿地质特征

五台绿岩带柏枝岩组火山喷气岩由基－中酸性火山岩及其凝灰岩和含电气石，金云母的石英大理岩组成，其中赋存有金矿床。康家沟金矿区已发现金矿体８个，呈透镜状，长５０－２００ｍ，厚０．２８－４．４ｍ，延深１０－２００ｍ。矿石类型可分为赤铁矿－石英型和碳酸盐两种。／     

湘南二叠系岩石地球化学及其物源指示

湘南二叠系矿屑岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩和硅质岩，具有富集Ｓｂ、Ｍｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ａｇ、Ｂｉ等元素的特征，是有利赋矿层位，其沉积物源具有陆源碎屑与火山物质混合的特点，当冲组硅质岩为非正常海相沉积成因。     

Variability of sedimentary sequence: numerical modeling of the deposition-erosion process

Reinterpretation of field studies of bedload transport allowed some power-law relations to be obtained between different quantities. They were taken as a basis for the construction of a numerical model simulating bedload transport. The deposition-erosion process is presented as a sequence of individual events with intensities distributed according to a power law, characteristic of the regime of self-organized criticality. The model output (sedimentary cross sections with the model age of each of its elements) is rich in features resulting from the non-linearity of the underlying process. Analysis of the results of a series of numerical experiments provided an estimation of scale invariance of model sedimentary structures in space and time. These data are tested against observed regularities of spaciotemporal variability of real sedimentary sequences. Good agreement of these data makes it possible to extrapolate the scaling relations obtained to larger scales.     

伊敏盆地五牧场煤变质作用及煤层气地质特征研究

伊敏盆地五牧场区大磨拐图河组煤变质梯度△Ｒ°ｍ／１００＝０．５４％，从褐煤到贫煤均有发育。地震资料和围岩蚀变证实在大磨拐图河组之下发育一小型岩株，其埋深为２０００ｍ左右。岩浆热力引起的高温低压变质条件导致煤中孔隙裂隙的充分发育。含煤段之上厚３００ｍ的泥岩有效阻止煤层气的逸散，煤储层可具有较高的含气饱和度。五牧场区烟煤储量丰富，单层煤厚度多在２ｍ以上，煤累计厚度达３０ｍ以上，富煤带与中变质煤区大部分重叠。煤层埋深３５０ｍ～１０００ｍ，倾角在１５°以内，具备较好的煤层气勘探开发条件。     

沉积物的ESR测年

对沉积物中石英ESR测年的特性进行了较为详细地研究，可用沉积物中石英的Ge心信号进行ESR测年；根据石英E心饱和功率较小这一特性，采用较大的微波功率可以测得较老海洋沉积物（大于0.5Ma）的ESR年龄；石英E心的异常较照剂量响应是判断海岸风成沙环境的一个标志。此外，还介绍了沉积物ESR测年在地质上的应用。     

Global climatic changes since the last glacial maximum: evidence from paleolimnology and paleoclimate modeling

Recognition that Earth/Sun orbital changes are the basic cause for Quaternary climatic variations provides a context for explaining global environmental changes, many of which are preserved in the stratigraphic and geomorphic record of lakes. Paleoclimatic numerical models suggest the mechanisms. In subtropical latitudes such as North Africa the enhanced summer insolation culminating about 10 000 years ago resulted in the increased monsoonal rains that explain the widespread expansion of lakes in now-desert basins. But in the American Southwest lake expansion dates to 18 000–15 000 years ago, when storm tracks were displaced to the south by the ice sheets—themselves a product of earlier orbital changes. The dynamics in the resopnse of different components of the natural system to climatic change are recorded in the stratigraphy of lake sediments, not only by their pollen content as a manifestation of the regional vegetation but also by their microfossils and chemical composition as reflections of lake development.This is the 10th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest for these papers.     

Diatom-based water chemistry reconstructions from northern Sweden: a comparison of reconstruction techniques

The diatom composition in surface sediments from 119 northern Swedish lakes was studied to examine the relationship with lake-water pH, alkalinity, and colour. Diatom-based predictive models, using weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration, partial least squares (PLS) regression and calibration, and weighted-averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression and calibration, were developed for inferences of water chemistry conditions. The non-linear response between the diatom assemblages and pH and alkalinity was best modelled by weighted-averaging methods. The lowest prediction error for pH was obtained using weighted averaging, with or without tolerance downweighting. For alkalinity there was still some information in the residual structure after extracting the first weighted-averaging component, which resulted in a slight improvement of predictions when using a two component WA-PLS model. The best colour predictions were obtained using a two component PLS model. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the prediction errors, with some characteristics of the training set included as passive variables, was performed to compare the results for the different alkalinity predictive models. The results indicate that calibration techniques utilizing more than one component (PLS and WA-PLS) can improve the predictions for lakes with diatom taxa that have broad tolerances. Furthermore, we show that WA-PLS performs best compared with the other techniques for those lakes that have a high relative abundance of the most dominant taxa and a corresponding low sample heterogeneity.