城市建成环境存量的空间计算：进展及展望

城市建成环境是人类赖以生存的人造环境,城市建成环境存量是指城市中建筑物和基础设施的材料质量。反演城市建成环境存量的空间分布,是数字城市建设的新方向,它能够帮助我们了解城市发展模式,更加有效管理城市资源和废弃物等,对发展城市循环经济、实现城市的可持续发展有着十分重要的意义。本文详细介绍了城市建成环境存量空间计算的3种方法（自上而下、自下而上和遥感计算方法）的理论基础和发展现状,总结了目前的几中方法都存在着过度依赖统计数据、无法兼顾研究区域大尺度和高空间分辨率等问题。在地理大数据时代,更多的数据源为存量的计算带来了新的研究方向。本文总结了新数据源的优势,并展望了结合地理大数据和机器学习方法的存量计算方法,为城市建成环境存量的空间计算提供了一种新的思路。     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) PI3K信号通路及糖代谢相关酶基因表达的影响

适宜的投喂频率能提高对虾的代谢和免疫能力,加快生长,实现提质增效的目标。为探讨不同投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)糖代谢及相关信号通路的影响,以(7.6±1.0) g的凡纳滨对虾为实验材料,设置2、3、4、6次/d,共4个投喂频率处理组,每组设3个平行,实验持续14 d,实验结束时取样,测定PI3K信号通路相关因子PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α、mTOR,代谢酶基因中HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK、FBP、PEPCK,葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1、GLUT2 mRNA表达水平的变化。结果发现:随着投喂频率的增加, PI3K信号通路关键基因表达的水平显著上升(P<0.05),其中6次/d投喂组PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α和mTOR表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05), 4次/d投喂组mTOR表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05);代谢关键酶基因HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK、FBP、PEPCK的表达水平随投喂频率的增加而增加,其中6次/d投喂组糖酵解HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK酶基因表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05), 3、4和6次/d投喂组糖异生酶FBP表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05),葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT2在2、3、6次/d投喂频率处理组显著高于4次/d频率投喂组(P<0.05)。得出结论认为较高的投喂频率可以通过激活凡纳滨对虾糖代谢酶基因、糖转运蛋白及PI3K信号通路的表达来提高糖代谢水平。     

海洋无脊椎动物体内能量物质--磷酸精氨酸的研究进展

磷酸精氨酸是无脊椎动物体内一种重要的磷酸原,它能够给机体提供一个ATP的缓冲库,从而保证机体的能量供应处于平衡状态,并进而提高机体的抗应激能力。本文综述了无脊椎动物体内磷酸精氨酸的功能、其含量在应激状态下的变化、在运动中的作用以及动物体内的磷酸精氨酸含量等的研究进展。     

养殖密度对循环水系统中大菱鲆生长和蛋白质代谢的影响

在工厂化循环水养殖系统中,将初始体质量为186 g±2.0 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)放养于低(9.4 kg/m~2±0.2 kg/m~2)、中(13.6 kg/m~2±0.8 kg/m~2)、高(19.1 kg/m~2±1.3 kg/m~2)3个养殖密度,以研究不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长、消化酶和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖120 d后,低、中、高试验组养殖密度分别增长至26.1 kg/m~2±1.2 kg/m~2、38.2 kg/m~2±2.5 kg/m~2、52.3 kg/m~2±3.6 kg/m~2。结果表明:低密度组和中密度组中大菱鲆增质量率、特定生长率、肥满度和蛋白质效率均显著(P0.05)高于高密度组;而饲料系数显著低于高密度组(P0.05)。低密度组和中密度组大菱鲆总蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力显著低于高密度组(P0.05);但脂肪酶活力在3个密度组之间无显著性差异。与低密度组相比,高密度组显著提高了谷氨酸脱氢酶活力,同时降低了谷草转氨酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活力(P0.05),而对谷丙转氨酶活力无任何影响。综上所述,在工厂化循环水系统中,增加养殖密度能提高养殖的产量,但过高的养殖密度会对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力以及蛋白质代谢产生不利的影响。     

ROBUST: The ROle of BUffering capacities in STabilising coastal lagoon ecosystems

“Buffer capacities” has been defined in ecology as a holistic concept (e.g., Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern, second ed. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997, 388pp), but we show that it can also be worked out in mechanistic studies. Our mechanistic approach highlights that “buffering capacities” can be depleted progressively, and, therefore, we make a distinction between current and potential “buffering capacities”. We have applied this concept to understand the limited “local stability” in seagrass ecosystems and their vulnerability towards structural changes into macro-algal dominated communities. We explored the following processes and studied how they confer buffering capacities to the seagrass ecosystem: (i) net autotrophy is persistent in Zostera noltii meadows where plant assimilation acts as a sink for nutrients, this contrasted with the Ulva system that shifted back and forth between net autotrophy and net heterotrophy; (ii) the Z. noltii ecosystem possesses a certain albeit rather limited capacity to modify the balance between nitrogen fixation and denitrification, i.e., it was found that in situ nitrogen fixation always exceeded denitrification; (iii) the nitrogen demand of organoheterotrophic bacteria in the sediment results in nitrogen retention of N in the sediment and hence a buffer against release of nitrogen compounds from sediments, (iv) habitat diversification in seagrass meadows provides shelter for meiofauna and hence buffering against adverse conditions, (v) sedimentary iron provides a buffer against noxious sulfide (note: bacterial sulfide production is enhanced in anoxic sediment niches by increased organic matter loading). On the other hand, in the coastal system we studied, sedimentary iron appears less important as a redox-coupled buffer system against phosphate loading. This is because most inorganic phosphate is bound to calcium rather than to iron. In addition, our studies have highlighted the importance of plant–microbe interactions in the seagrass meadows.     

Resistance to low oxygen in the Ponto–Caspian amphipod Pontogammarus robustoides varies among lentic habitats of its northern invaded range

The Ponto–Caspian amphipod Pontogammarus robustoides was introduced into Lithuanian inland waters more than 50 years ago and is now among the most successful local crustacean invaders. Existing as an oxyphilic species in its native range, in Lithuania it managed to establish in some lentic eutrophic waters facing long-term hypoxic conditions under winter ice cover, or shorter periods of hypoxia during the warm season. Recently, it has been observed to be further expanding in such waters. The aim of this study was to explore the possible divergence in anaerobic metabolism among introduced populations facing different selective pressures. A closed-bottle experiment was conducted using individuals from three Lithuanian lentic water bodies of different trophic status: mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic. Severe hypoxia was gradually reached, after which lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in amphipods from eutrophic and hypertrophic, than from mesotrophic environments, and was well correlated with trophic status of inhabited environments as assessed by chlorophyll a concentration. These findings suggest a physiological acclimation response to oxygen deficiency faced by the species in some environments in the northern invaded range, which may have a genetic background. Such resistance to oxygen deficiency may expand the environmental niche and promote species’ spread into previously unsuitable habitats, which may pose a threat to native species residing in refuges that are currently free of the invader.     

饲料中维生素B6对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍蛋白质代谢的影响

以皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannaiIno)幼鲍为研究对象,探讨维生素B6对其蛋白质代谢的影响。设计了3种维生素B6不同含量(0,40,4 000 mg/kg)的半精制饲料,在循环水养殖系统中养殖幼鲍240 d。结果表明,皱纹盘鲍内脏团和肌肉中磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)的含量随饲料中维生素B6的添加而显著升高(P<0.05)。饲料中不同维生素B6水平对肌肉组织中蛋白含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),而显著升高内脏团中蛋白质的含量(P<0.05)。内脏团和肌肉中的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力随着饲料中维生素B6添加量的升高而显著增强,分别在维生素B6的添加量为4 000 mg/kg时取得最大值(P<0.05)。内脏团中所检测的各种氨基酸的含量与饲料中维生素B6添加量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。然而,肌肉中的天冬氨酸(Asp)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、牛磺酸(Tau)的含量随着饲料中维生素B6添加量的升高而显著增加,并且分别在维生素B6添加量为4 000 mg/kg时取得最大值(P<0.05)。肌肉中甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)的含量在两个维生素B6添加组(40 mg/kg和4 000 mg/kg)之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于维生素B6缺乏组(0 mg/kg)的值(P<0.05)。     

Microbial effects on geochemical behavior of arsenic in As-contaminated sediments

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contamination level and chemical speciation of As in sediments from the Hwachon Au mine area, and to study the effects of indigenous bacteria on geochemical behavior of As in As-contaminated sediments from the mine. Concentrations of heavy metal and metalloids in one composite sample of 9 Hwachon sediments were 24.9 As mg/kg, 16.6 Cd mg/kg, 230 Pb mg/kg and 1080 Zn mg/kg. This indicates that this area was seriously contaminated with As, Cd and Zn. From the result of sequential extraction analysis, most of As (87.9%) existed as a phase of As which coprecipitated with Fe oxyhydroxides. Under aerobic condition, As concentration leached from sediments were 4 times higher in non-sterile than in sterile condition. This enrichment of As leaching could be caused by increase of pH and exudation secreted during microbial metabolism. On the other hand, under anaerobic condition, As concentration has dramatically increased in non-sterile solution with time. This As leaching has begun on 4–5th days of incubation and the highest concentration of 511 As μg/l was recorded on about 11th day. Arsenic leaching under anaerobic condition was caused by microbial enhancement of Fe leaching. Total Fe concentration increased from the 4th day, and this Fe leaching might cause lixiviation of As which had been coprecipitated with Fe oxyhydroxide.