微生物磷脂脂肪酸单体碳同位素示踪碳循环过程

碳循环对于维持地球生命和调控气候变化具有重要意义。微生物是碳循环的关键驱动者之一,微生物群落结构和碳代谢活动的变化,能够影响温室气体的释放和碳储量,并进一步对气候变化产生反馈作用。在当前全球变化和人类活动加剧的背景下,需要进一步了解不同环境中的微生物群落组成和碳代谢活动的特征和响应。磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）因其快速的周转速率和多样的分子结构,已经被广泛用于原位识别不同环境中活体微生物的生物量和群落结构。在此基础上,PLFA的单体碳同位素组成进一步指示了微生物利用哪些碳源,以及通过何种方式同化这些碳源,从而揭示微生物介导的碳流通和碳循环过程。本文综述了PLFA单体稳定碳同位素组成（δ¹³C）和放射性碳同位素组成（Δ¹⁴C）在示踪微生物碳循环过程中的应用。对比了农田、草地、森林、湿地以及海洋沉积物中活体微生物的碳源利用和碳同化途径的差异,这些差异可能与不同微生物对碳源的偏好以及不同环境中底物碳的可用性有关。对比了岩石、地下水、表层和深层土壤环境中微生物对化石碳源和年轻碳源的差异利用,化石碳是岩石和地下水环境中活体微生物碳源的重要组成部分,表明现代活体微生物可以直接利用部分老碳;相反,表层和深层土壤微生物倾向于利用现代碳源,这些碳源可能来自根系分泌物和从表面垂直输送的溶解有机碳。随着加速器质谱和单个化合物制备技术的进一步发展,预计PLFA单体放射性碳同位素将在微生物碳循环过程中发挥更重要的作用,值得在不同环境中进一步探索。

     

Effect of Dietary Potassium on Growth,Nitrogen Metabolism,Osmoregulation and Immunity of Pacific White Shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamel） Reared in Low Salinity Seawater

An 8 weeks feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary potassium on the growth and physio-logical acclimation of Pacific white shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei） reared in diluted seawater （salinity 4）. Six semi-purified practical diets containing 0.59, 0.96, 1.26, 1.48, 1.74, and 2.17 g potassium K＋ per 100 g diet were formulated, respectively. The survival and feed conversion rate did not show significant difference among groups of shrimps given these diets （P〉0.05）. The shrimps fed the diets containing 0.96-1.48 g K＋ per 100g diet gained the highest weight, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio. Their ammonium-N excretion rate as well as hemolymph concentration of Na＋ and C1- were significantly lower than those of the control （P〈0.05）, but a reverse trend was observed for their gill Na＋/K＋-ATPase. Moreover, the shrimps fed with 1.48 g K＋ per 100 g diet were the highest in hemolymph urea level, and the phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were significantly higher than those of the control （P〈0.05）. The growth and physiological response of the test shrimps suggested that diet containing 1.48 g K＋ per 100 g diet improved the growth of L. vannamei in low-salinity seawater, and enhanced the physiological acclimation of the organism.     

北京城市代谢预测研究——基于长短期记忆神经网络模型

城市化进程提升促使城市环境污染加剧、能源消耗激增、人口密度过大等问题的深层次原因在于城市代谢失调。为精准预测北京市城市代谢变化趋势,论文通过能源消费量及人类活动时间指标测算了1980—2016年北京市体外能代谢率,表征城市代谢程度。据此运用长短期记忆神经网络模型(LSTM)预测了2017—2022年北京各部门体外能代谢率。结果表明：① 基于长短期记忆神经网络的城市代谢预测模型精度较高,能够对北京各部门体外能代谢率进行更为精准的预测;② 2017—2022年间,北京第一产业和总体外能代谢率呈下降趋势,其中第一产业在2017年达到峰值,第二、第三产业及生活部门体外能代谢率将呈现增长趋势。③ 除第一、第三产业和总体外能代谢率外,历史变化的时间扰动幅度先小后大。④ 对各部门体外能代谢率EMR_T的影响贡献度最大的因子为第二产业体外能代谢率EMR₂,最小的为第一产业体外能代谢率EMR₁。论文研究结果可为政策制定者优化城市管理方案、提升城市综合实力提供理论依据和决策支持。     

城市能源利用与CO_2排放的多尺度综合评价(英文)

Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility for emission reductions. However, previous emission inventories were usually production- or consumption-based accounting, and few studies have comprehensively documented the linkages among socio-economic activities and external transaction in urban areas. Therefore, we address this gap in proposing an analytical framework and accounting system with three dimensions of boundaries to comprehensively assess urban energy use and related CO2 emissions. The analytical framework depicted the input, transformation, transfer and discharge process of the carbon-based(fossil) energy flows through the complex urban ecosystems, and defined the accounting scopes and boundaries on the strength of ‘carbon footprint' and ‘urban metabolism'. The accounting system highlighted the assessment for the transfer and discharge of socio-economic subsystems with different spatial boundaries. Three kinds methods applied to Beijing City explicitly exhibited the accounting characteristics. Our research firstly suggests that urban carbon-based energy metabolism can be used to analyze the process and structure of urban energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Secondly, three kinds of accounting methods use different benchmarks to estimate urban energy use and CO2 emissions with their distinct strength and weakness. Thirdly, the empirical analysis in Beijing City demonstrate that the three kinds of methods are complementary and give different insights to discuss urban energy-induced CO2 emissions reduction. We deduce a conclusion that carbon reductions responsibility can be assigned in the light of production, consumption and shared responsibility based principles. Overall, from perspective of the industrial and energy restructuring and the residential lifestyle changes, our results shed new light on the analysis on the evolutionary mechanism and pattern of urban energy-induced CO2 emissions with the combination of three kinds of methods. And the spatial structure adjustment and technical progress provides further elements for consideration about the scenarios of change in urban energy use and CO2 emissions.     

Comparison of the respiratory metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in seawater and freshwater

Litopenaeus vannamei, a euryhaline species, can be cultured at a wide range of salinities. The emergence of freshwater pond-culture of L. vannamei is an important prelude to the continued development of shrimp culture in China. In this study, we compared the respiratory metabolism of juvenile L. vannamei cultured in freshwater and saltwater by measuring their oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ammonium-type nitrogen excretion rate (AER) and pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities at different molting stages in order to physiecologically characterize juvenile L. vannamei under freshwater conditions. The results showed that OCR was significantly higher in saltwater than in freshwater at all stages of molting cycle. However, variation of OCR among molting stages in saltwater was similar with that in freshwater, and the highest OCR was observed at post-molting stage. At all stages of molting cycle, AER was significantly higher in freshwater than in saltwater, and the highest was observed at post-molting stage. The activity of PK was significantly higher in saltwater than in freshwater. Conversely, the activity of LDH was higher in freshwater than in saltwater in general. Significant variation of PK and LDH activities in molting cycle was observed in saltwater and freshwater. The results indicated that aerobic metabolism of juvenile L. vannamei was more active in saltwater than in freshwater; while its protein metabolism was more active in freshwater than in saltwater.     

Downstream evolution of wastewater treatment plant nutrient signals using high-temporal monitoring

Wastewater treatment plants are major point-sources of nutrients to streams globally, but the impact on receiving streams is not always clear. Previous research has shown mixed responses in receiving streams, with some showing no net retention through in-stream processing for large distances below plants and some showing high rates of processing and retention. This study focuses on Sandy Run, a small, suburban stream in Montgomery County, PA, that receives effluent from two plants, where effluent makes up an estimated 50% of outlet discharge at baseflow. Two sites were monitored in late summer baseflow using high-temporal loggers to evaluate nitrate and phosphate retention with distance below the plants. Effluent quantity was monitored immediately below the effluent outfalls using specific conductivity as a conservative signal of solute fluctuations throughout the day. A site 1 km downstream showed diel nitrate changes, but despite moderate gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates, there was little net retention of nutrients and the diel nitrate signal can be attributed to advection and dispersion of variable upstream effluent. A site 5.4 km below the plant showed a diel nitrate signal as well, but baseflow daily hysteresis plots of nitrate and specific conductivity showed the effluent and nitrate peaks did not coincide. Instead, the effluent input signal was seen overnight, but there was in-stream removal and release processes during the day. Over the distance to this site, the stream was metabolizing some of the high nutrient loads, although gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates were lower. It is important to understand subdaily changes in nutrient processing to fully quantify the impacts of effluent on small streams at different scales. Furthermore, looking at the diel signal without considering conservative transport would overestimate in-stream processing.     

低氧、高铵和低光对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长与C-N代谢生理指标的影响特征

湖泊富营养化导致沉水植被大面积衰退和群落逆向演替,诱发一系列次生环境问题,并严重影响到水域生态环境质量.为了从对植物表型生长与C-N代谢生理指标影响的角度深度揭示富营养化水体中沉水植被的致衰退机制,本文以我国长江中下游淡水湖泊常见沉水植物优势种群——苦草(Vallisneria natans)为研究对象,利用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验设计方法,实验模拟研究富营养化水体中低氧、高铵和低光3种重要因素对苦草生长与C-N代谢生理指标的胁迫影响特征.本试验设置了3因素4水平,分别为4个低光照强度(50%、40%、30%和20%自然光照)和4个高铵浓度水平(0.5、1、2和4 mg/L)以及4个低氧处理浓度(7.5、6.5、5.5和4 mg/L).结果显示:光照强度低于30%、溶解氧浓度低于5.5 mg/L时,植株生长与C代谢受阻严重,碳水化合物储存量降低;铵态氮1.0 mg/L时,苦草N代谢活跃,游离氨基酸(FAA)含量明显升高,可溶性糖(SC)/FAA比降低,淀粉呈降低趋势.研究表明富营养湖泊中苦草的衰退是多种因素综合作用的结果,低氧、高铵与低光均会对苦草的生长与C-N代谢产生不利影响;受损沉水植被在藻-草稳态转换的富营养化湖泊中应通过控制水体高铵浓度,严控低氧出现,及时提高水下照度或透明度(如控磷)来予以保护和科学管理;而在次生裸地且藻类占优势的富营养化水体中沉水植被的恢复与重建过程不仅要降低水体营养盐水平尤其是氨氮的水平,还应着重考虑如何有效提高水下光强与溶解氧浓度,并将如上环境因子控制在一定变幅范围内,且控制条件应原则上严于保护受损沉水植被所需的条件.     

基于 Markov 理论的加权非等距GM（1，1）预测优化模型

背景值的构造方法是影响加权非等距GM(1,1)预测模型的精度和适应性的关键因素。文中通过等分函数法构造新的背景值对传统的加权非等距GM(1,1)模型进行优化,优化后的模型使其同时适应于高增长指数序列和低增长指数序列,提高传统模型的预测精度和适应性能力。但是优化后的模型依然易受建模数据随机扰动影响。马尔科夫(Markov)模型具有削弱建模数据的随机扰动性的优势。基于此,将优化的加权非等距GM(1,1)模型和Markov理论有机结合,构建优化的加权非等距Markov-GM(1,1)预测模型。最后,结合秀山湖二期工程的变形实测数据,运用新陈代谢的计算模式进行预测验证。结果表明:优化的加权非等距Markov-GM(1,1)预测模型的拟合和预测精度都优于传统的加权非等距GM(1,1)预测模型,新的预测模型的适用性更强,具有实际的参考价值。     

现代砗磲壳的碳、氧、锶同位素的变化

本文测定了西沙群岛永乐环礁现代鳞砗磲壳的碳,氧,锶同位素组成。碳,锶同位素组成呈现以年为周期的规律性变化。