Numerical simulation of surf–swash zone motions and turbulent flow

A two-dimensional numerical model was presented for the simulation of wave breaking, runup and turbulence in the surf and swash zones. The main components of the model are the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations describing the average motion of a turbulent flow, a k–ε turbulence closure model describing the transformation and dissipation processes of turbulence and a volume of fluid technique for tracking the free surface motion. Nearshore wave evolution on a sloping bed, the velocity field and other wave characteristics were investigated. First, the results of the model were compared with experimental results for different surf zone hydrodynamic conditions. Spilling and plunging breakers were simulated and the numerical model investigated for different wave parameters. The turbulence field was also considered and the spatial and time-dependent variations of turbulence parameters were discussed. In the next stage of the study, numerical results were compared with two sets of experimental data in the swash zone. Generally, there is good agreement except for turbulence predictions near the breaking point where the model does not represent well the physical processes. On the other hand, turbulence predictions were found to be excellent for the swash zone. The model provides a precise and efficient tool for the simulation of the flow field and wave transformations in the nearshore, especially in the swash zone. The numerical model can simulate the surface elevation of the vertical shoreline excursion on sloping beaches, while swash–swash interactions within the swash zone are accounted for.     

新型电磁阻尼器性能初步研究

开发研制新型耗能减振器是抗震减灾的需要.用强磁性材料制做电磁阻尼器是创新的工作,对电磁阻尼器的构造、基本性能、运动参数(如频率和幅值)及几何参数(如涡流板厚度和面积)对其性能影响等进行了研究.研究结果表明:随着频率、幅值、工作面积的增大,阻尼力会增大;而且由于电磁阻尼器的构造简单巧妙、工作频率宽、性能较好,因此可以广泛应用于土木、汽车及机械等领域的减振(震),是一种很有前途的减振器.     

Response of a summertime anticyclonic eddy to wind forcing in Funka Bay,Hokkaido, Japan

Flow fluctuations inside an anticyclonic eddy in summertime Funka Bay were examined using three moorings and hydrographic data. The flow pattern above a sharp pycnocline with a concave isopycnal structure during the mooring period was characterized by high mean kinetic energy and relatively low eddy kinetic energy. The ratios of eddy to mean kinetic energy were equal to or less than one, and the mean flow field and isopycnal structure indicated the existence of a stable anticyclonic eddy above the sharp pycnocline under approximate geostrophic balance. Larger flow fluctuations with periods longer than 7 days were dominant inside the eddy. The low-frequency flow fluctuations are accompanied by north to northeastward movement of the eddy with deepening of the pycnocline and spin-up of the anticyclonic circulation. The wind field over Funka Bay is characterized by bay-scale wind fluctuations. The bay-scale winds are greatly influenced by the land topography around Funka Bay, resulting in non-uniform structure with significant wind stress curl. The bay-scale wind fluctuations are termed “locally modified wind” in the present study. The locally modified wind has a negative (positive) wind stress curl in the central–northeastern (southwestern) region of Funka Bay. The north to northeastward movement of the eddy is caused by horizontal non-uniform supply of vorticity from the locally modified wind forcing by the Ekman pumping process. Through this process, the anticyclonic circulation is enhanced (weakened) in the central–northeastern (southwestern) part of the eddy, resulting in the eddy moving north to northeastward with the pycnocline deepening and spin-up of the anticyclonic circulation. The locally modified wind forcing induces low-frequency flow fluctuations through the movement of the eddy in summertime Funka Bay.     

南海北部陆架坡折带潮流和低频流特征分析

利用旋转谱分析、调和分析和低通滤波的方法,对1987年8月至1988年1月南海北部东沙附近陆架坡折带处定点海流观测资料进行分析,研究了该区域定常余流、潮流和低频流的特征。各观测层次定常余流基本为西向流,垂向呈现较强的正压性。潮流以日分潮和半日分潮为主,呈顺时针方向旋转,全日潮流椭圆长轴普遍大于半日潮流,冬季K1分潮振幅在近底层明显增大,海流在中间层存在明显的惯性振荡。从能量角度分析,剩余流占海流总能量比例较大,定常余流能量主要存在于沿岸线方向,而垂直于岸线方向的能量主要由潮流和剩余流构成。低频流存在显著的季节变化,1988年1月呈现明显的顺时针旋转形态。冬季海表面风应力与次表层低频流有较强的相关性。结合OFES(Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator)模拟结果,利用动量平衡分析的方法探究了动量方程中各项对低频流的贡献以及1988年1月次表层出现北向流的动力机制。冬季低频流具有较强的地转流特征,垂向分布受海水层化影响;东北风松弛和反气旋涡的联合作用是次表层出现偏北向流动的主要原因。     

Flow-induced vibration analysis of elastic propellers in a cyclic inflow: An experimental and numerical study

In this paper, the flow-induced vibrations of marine propellers in cyclic inflows are investigated both experimentally and numerically. A Laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system is used to measure the axial flow velocity distributions produced by the seven-cycle wake screen in the water tunnel. A customized underwater slip ring and a single axis accelerometer sealed by silicon sealant are employed to measure the acceleration responses of rotating propeller blade. Numerical simulations of pressure fluctuations on the blades are performed using large eddy simulation (LES), while the forced vibrations of the propeller blades are obtained by a combined finite element and boundary element method. Experimental and numerical results are presented for two model propellers with the same geometries and different flexible properties, which show that the propeller blade vibrates at a frequency which is seven times as large as the axial passing frequency (APF) in the seven-cycle inflow. Moreover, the propeller blades are observed to resonance when the 7 APF excitation frequency is equal to the fundamental frequency of the propellers. The results indicate that both the inflow feature and the modal characteristic of blades contribute to flow-induced vibrations of elastic propellers.     

台湾以东中尺度涡对黑潮入侵东海路径的影响

利用AVISO数据集的卫星高度计资料,分析了中国台湾以东中尺度涡的时空特征,通过具体的中尺度涡实例探讨了其对台湾以东黑潮路径的影响。研究表明气旋式中尺度涡在春夏季节的数目要少于反气旋式中尺度涡,在秋冬季节气旋式涡旋个数则多于反气旋涡;并且台东以东区域涡旋传播存在多种路径,涡旋的存在对台湾东北部黑潮入侵东海的路径具有重大影响,特别是2004年夏季台湾以东区域存在多个涡旋,相应的吕宋海峡黑潮主轴向东偏移明显,台湾东北黑潮入侵东海的路径发生了显著变化。     

2013年吕宋暖涡的生消过程及特征研究

基于 HYCOM（HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model）海洋模式,采用全球到西北太平洋,西北太平洋到南海两层嵌套的数值模拟方法,以 2013 年为例,获得了高精度 （1/25° × 1/25° × cosθ） 的南海海洋动力数据资料。详细刻画了吕宋暖涡的演变过程及三维结构,并对吕宋暖涡演化过程中伴随的能量变化进行了分析。研究发现,2013 年 6 月中旬吕宋暖涡生成于吕宋岛西北侧,该涡先向西移动,8 月底滞留约一个月,随后沿 200 m 等深线向西南移动,最终于 12 月中旬消亡。以 2013 年8 月 4 日为例,吕宋暖涡的影响深度可从海表面到达海底,涡的形状类似于圆柱状,涡中心存在倾斜,从海表面至海底涡的中心可倾斜约 110 km;吕宋暖涡最大流速可达 0.5 m/s。吕宋暖涡所在区域的温度高于周围区域 2~6 ℃,盐度低于周围区域约 0.1~0.3 ‰,最大温度异常值为 6.5℃,盐度异常值可达-1 ‰,都出现在深度 150 m 左右的海域。吕宋暖涡的总能量可达左右,涡势能约是涡动能的 6 倍;正压能量转化与斜压能量转化之和占涡总能量变化的 76%,对涡能量变化起决定性作用。     

流动沙丘涡度相关通量的坐标旋转订正与对比研究

复杂下垫面导致近地面大气运动具有特殊的动力学和热力学特征,进而影响物质和能量的交换过程。以科尔沁流动沙丘7月份涡度数据为例,分析由于地形引起的风速、旋转角度β的变化,采用二次旋转法（DR）和平面拟合法（PF）对水热通量、数据质量对比分析,结果表明：（1）地形平缓区（180°~330°）垂直风速>0,β在1.677 3°左右;地形陡峭区（330°~180°）垂直风速<0,β在-1.648 6°左右。（2）DR法和PF法对潜热通量影响很大,分别增加17%和减小15%,DR法订正前后水热通量相关性均高于PF法。（3）DR法和PF法订正后的数据分别有89.6%和89.3%通过湍流发展的充分性检验;DR法订正前后摩擦风速相关性高于PF法;能量闭合率分别提高了3.47%和2.78%。（4）整个生长季中,6、8月订正后涡度数据质量有较好的提高。因此,DR法更适用于起伏较大的流动沙丘。研究结果充分考虑地形对涡度数据影响,为科尔沁沙地及具有相似地形的地区涡度数据的合理使用提供参考。     

吉尔吉斯柯孜尔河上游河谷草场能量闭合分析

通过分析了2014 年8 月13~11 月12 号吉尔吉斯斯坦克孜尔苏山地生态观测站的湍流通量和有效能量的日、月变化特征,并且通过对能量平衡残差（D）以及能量平衡比率（EBR）两种主要方法,分析了该研究区域的能量闭合情况和月变化特征。结果表明：有效能量和湍流通量呈单峰模式的日变化特征,并且在观测期间随着月份的变化,有效能量和湍流通量的月平均值在显著减小;通过对研究区域的能量平衡分析,发现其能量不闭合的情况,并且有研究表明,土壤热通量计算不准确是主要的因素之一。通过对能量平衡残差（D）分析,得出这个观测期间基本上在8~16 点之间能量平衡残差大于零,大概在8 点和16 点的时候能量达到了平衡;用能量平衡比率（EBR）研究能量闭合情况得出,能量平衡比率8月份的0.75,9月份最小为0.7左右,10月份的为0.85。     

南海环流动力机制研究综述

南海的环流复杂,但通过近20 a来的研究工作,国内外学者对此已取得了不少的成果.本文就南海环流框架性的问题,综述了有关的文献,认为对南海上层海洋三方面的环流分量的驱动机制已有了初步的认识.这三方面分别是:(1)准季节性风场;(2)黑潮向南海的净输运;(3)黑潮向南海的涡度平流输送.但是对这些驱动的时空变化仍相当不清楚.三者皆增强了南海北部的海盆尺度气旋式环流,其强化的西南向西边界流靠近东沙群岛,建议称为“东沙海流”.没有水文证据显示黑潮水是以分支形式进入南海,其向南海的输运也不可能主要通过中尺度涡过程,具体机制有待研究.每年在南海生成的中尺度涡平均约有10个,风场与沿岸地形所生成的强风应力旋度可能是其主要的驱动机制.作为框架性的认识,也有三方面的工作进行得较少,即:(1)吕宋海峡的上层水交换;(2)南海的中尺度涡生成机制,虽然强风应力旋度及前述的第三种环流驱动机制也有中尺度涡伴生;(3)自吕宋海峡进入的深层水对南海上层海洋环流的影响.