复杂地形三角网格局部渐进传输方法

在数据高速共享的信息时代,数据传输是共享的前提和基础,而三维数据本身的复杂结构带来的海量数据对其传输、使用造成极大限制,因此,实现三维数据的高效传输十分重要。为解决三维空间数据高效传输的问题,本文提出了针对复杂地形三角网格的局部渐进传输方案。具体过程包括:首先在服务器端通过基于边折叠的三角网格化简和基于遗传算法的化简优化方法对网格模型进行预处理,并在服务器端构造折叠树存储网格简化信息;然后根据客户端的连接请求,向客户端传递化简后的初始网格,并根据用户的局部放大操作,在服务器端实时展开相应位置的网格结点并向客户端传输;最后,客户端将接收到的少量网格结点信息进行重组,实现局部放大效果,从而避免不必要的结点展开和传输。通过对遗传算法的效率和局部渐进传输时间的测试,验证了这一局部渐进传输方案的可行性。     

Surfactant effects on the water‐stable aggregation of wettable soils from the continental USA

Surfactants may affect soil structure differently depending upon the soil or the quality of rainfall or irrigation water. This study examined whether the water‐stable aggregation of 11 wettable soils was affected by surfactants and the water in which the soils were sieved. The study also examined whether the wettable soils' water drop penetration time (WDPT) was affected by surfactants, water drop quality, and elapsed time since the surfactants were applied. Two nonionic surfactants and a surfactant‐free water control were sprayed (by misting) upon air‐dry soil, then WDPT was measured 1 and 72 h thereafter. Subsequently, this treated soil was slowly wetted with an aerosol to its water content at a matric potential of ?3 kPa, then immediately sieved for 600 s in water that contained either appreciable or few electrolytes. Water‐stable aggregation, quantified as mean weight diameter (MWD), varied widely among soils, ranging from 0.10 to 1.36 mm. The MWDs were affected (at p = 0.06) by surfactant treatments, depending upon the soil but not sieving water quality. Surfactants affected the MWD of an Adkins loamy sand and Feltham sand, two of the three coarsest‐textured soils. Although WDPTs never exceeded 5 s, depending upon the soil WDPTs were affected by surfactant treatments but not by water drop quality. After surfactant application, WDPTs generally decreased with time for three soils but increased with time for one soil. Findings suggested that surfactants interacted (1) with clay mineralogy to affect MWD and (2) with soluble calcium to affect WDPT for certain soils. Surfactant treatments but not water quality affected both MWD and WDPT for some but not all of 11 wettable, US soils. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Identifying soft sediments at sea using GIS-modelled predictor variables and Sediment Profile Image (SPI) measured response variables

Macrofauna composition and diversity in soft sediments are commonly used as “health indicators” in various pollution monitoring programmes worldwide. Hence, finding a modelling method for predicting the presence of soft sediments and enable production of digital maps of where soft sediments are likely to be found would be valuable for developing a cost-effective sampling design. This study presents a first-generation model that can predict where to find soft sediments in coastal areas with a complex topography and a mosaic of seabed habitat types. We used geophysical data that were quantitative, objectively defined (through GIS modelling) and integrated over time. We analysed, using a Generalised Additive Model (GAM) and the model-selection approach Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the influence of in-situ measured depth and GIS-modelled terrain structures, wave exposure and current speed on the distribution of soft sediment measured using a Sediment Profile Image (SPI) camera. Our analyses showed that the probability of finding soft sediment was best determined by depth, terrain curvature and median current speed at the seafloor. These predictors were used to develop a spatial predictive GIS-model/-map (for parts of Skagerrak, Norway, with a spatial resolution of 25 m × 25 m) of the probability of soft seabed occurrence.     

2008年MS6.1攀枝花地震震源区多参数结构成像及发震机制研究

通过联合反演123,053个P、Pn、Pg震相和100,176个S、Sn、Sg震相数据,获得了2008年M_S6.1攀枝花地震震源及其周边区域的高分辨率三维纵、横波速度(V_P,V_S)和泊松比(σ)图像.结合研究区域地壳应力数据综合分析发现,攀枝花地震发生在高-低纵、横波速度转换带,并且在震源下方存在一显著的低V_S和高σ异常体延伸至下地壳.本研究认为,该构造特征主要是由于西侧坚硬的川滇菱形块体对来自深部流体或熔融物质具有一定的阻挡作用,绝大部分流体或熔融物质通过断裂带向东南侧的块体内部迁移,造成断裂带两侧块体的岩石物理属性差异较大所致.研究结果表明,攀枝花地震发生在剪切应力较强的元谋—绿汁江断裂带上,震源下方的流体或部分熔融物质被挤入至震源的断层或裂隙中,增加了震源区岩石的流体应力,降低了横波速度(V_S)、增加了岩石的泊松比(σ).我们推测,流体侵入在攀枝花地震形成上扮演了重要角色,来自于青藏高原下地壳的大量的流体或部分熔融物质被挤入震源区岩体的断层或裂缝中,这一过程增加了震源区的孔隙流体压力、减弱岩石的机械强度,同时岩石的静摩擦力增加,导致容易引起岩体脆性形变,从而诱发地震.     

三维CSAMT法非结构化网格有限元数值模拟

考虑到可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)电偶极发射源与地下介质的三维结构特点,本文采用非结构化网格剖分技术,开展了三维CSAMT方法有限元数值模拟研究,将三维电磁场的背景场和异常场分别求解,避免了电偶极发射源的奇异性问题,并减小了计算区域.推导了三维异常电场遵循的有限元方程,加入散度条件进行约束以消除电场伪解;对非结构化网格单元采用高斯加权平均算法,得到了精度较高的异常磁场.针对层状介质模型,与积分方程法对比,验证了有限元算法的正确性;计算分析了典型三维地质模型的电磁响应,异常体反映明显.结果表明本文算法正确、可靠,适用于三维地质模型的CSAMT方法正反演研究.     

慢度平方三角网格立体层析反演方法

三角剖分模型是一种稀疏的模型描述方式.在慢度平方三角剖分模型中,界面可以得到自然的描述,射线追踪在一个三角块内存在解析解.基于慢度平方三角剖分模型下的射线扰动理论,实现了立体层析数据空间对慢度平方三角剖分模型要求的所有模型分量的偏导数求取.相比常规的B样条或者大网格模型描述方式,慢度平方三角剖分模型下的立体层析FRECHET导数矩阵规模被大幅压缩,求解精度得到良好保证的同时计算成本得到大幅降低.理论数据算例证实了上述观点.     

网格剖分方式对大地电磁数据反演的影响

随着计算机技术的飞速发展,大地电磁测深数据的各种反演方法得到空前发展。对于反演过程中的网格剖分问题,前人研究有限。本文就此进行研究,确定影响网格剖分方式的因素,找到一种合适的网格剖分方法。为此,设计一个复杂模型,对正演模拟得到的数据加入随机噪声作为反演的输入数据,选择不同的网格剖分方式,使用DASOCC与NLCG反演方法,以相同参数分别进行反演,对所得结果进行对比分析。结果显示,在设定的模型及参数条件下,针对DASOCC反演方法,纵向及横向网格均不加密,反演效果比较理想,即横向采用一个测点对应一个网格的剖分方式,纵向采用表层加密,100 m以下后一网格为前一网格厚度1.1倍的剖分方式;针对NLCG反演方法,纵向与DASOCC反演方法相同,采用不加密网格的剖分方式得到的结果较好,而横向则建议采用一个测点对应一个网格,并在2个测点之间插入一个网格的剖分方式。     

利用网格划分软件和缓坡方程计算港内波浪场

提出了一套可方便应用于波浪场计算的方法。该方法包含了准确的边界输入输出技术,简便的地形输入技术,高质量的计算网格生成以及加速查寻、排序的数据结构。应用双曲型缓坡方程计算了港湾内的波浪场,数值计算时提出了处理建筑物表面部分反射边界条件的方法。将计算结果与边界元方法的结果和实验值进行了比较,证明该方法应用于波浪场可得到较理想的结果。对大连港区内的波浪折射绕射进行了计算,表明本方法可以应用于实际港口的波浪场计算中。     

电磁波坑道透射资料中走向构造的特殊处理

对于采煤工作面中较长的走向构造,电磁波坑道透射资料的处理历来是个难题,无论是传统的手工解释还是近代的层析成像技术,都难以得到满意的结果。本文在层析成像处理的基础上,加上水平相关增强,异常增强等特殊处理手段,使成像面貌大为改善,具有更高的分辨率和稳定性,更利于地质解释。      

加卸载作用下加筋垫层变形特征试验研究

加筋垫层由于具有诸多优点而被广泛应用于反复加卸载作用下公路、铁路路基等工程构筑物中。为研究加卸载作用下加筋垫层结构的变形特征,针对加筋与未加筋垫层2组模型,开展了单次加卸载静力试验。测试并获得了不同荷载作用下垫层竖向变形、筋材应变变化规律,对比分析了加筋与未加筋垫层的变形特征,并从能量角度对加筋垫层工作机制进行了探讨。结果表明：与未加筋情况相比,荷载作用下加筋垫层（加载板处）的沉降变形和残余变形更小。加筋后垫层表面（加载板范围外）的竖向变形及其受影响范围均增大,且在卸载过程中垫层表面竖向变形的水平分布曲线特征由“凹”型变为“凸”型,其加卸载曲线呈“∞”型。格宾网筋材应变沿横向呈现非均匀分布特点,其最大应变小于0.06%,筋材始终处于弹性变形状态。加筋垫层中筋材具有储存、释放及横向传递应变能效应,这使得加筋后垫层具有更好的承载能力与弹性性能,进而可降低循环加卸载作用下垫层的塑性变形或累计变形。