变形监测缺失数据序列灰色建模方法探讨

在测量工作中,由于气候环境、观测方法、观测仪器以及观测人员自身因素等多方面的原因,可能造成观测数据的丢失或者不完全。文中针对这类数据的处理,采用加权平均法和三次样条插值法对缺失数据进行修复,建立GM （1,1）模型,并与非等间隔预测模型进行对比。通过两组仿真数据和两组实测数据验证发现：对于呈指数增长的序列和高增长序列修复之后建模预测精度更高;三次样条插值法数据修复后GM （1,1）建模预测精度较加权平均法预测精度更高;对于低增长序列,直接采用非等间隔建模预测精度更高。     

一种迭代法的圆曲线拟合方法

针对在实际测量工作中量测圆心坐标及半径时存在的问题,该文基于迭代法的思想,推导了一种圆曲线拟合的方法,并用实例数据进行了检验。结果显示,该方法在离散点均匀采集或非均匀采集的情况下均具有良好的拟合效果,与目前在圆曲线拟合方法中普遍采用的最小二乘法相比,具有同样高的拟合精度,验证了该拟合方法的正确性与可行性。     

县域经济发展水平评价及时空格局演变——以河北省为例

针对河北省县域经济发展特点和时空变化规律的问题,该文将GIS技术与定量分析方法相结合,选取2000年和2010年的15个能够反映河北省县域经济发展状况的指标,采用熵值法系统地测算了河北省136个县的经济发展水平,并利用空间自相关分析法分析了河北省县域经济发展空间格局的演变特征。研究结果表明:河北省县域经济发展依然存在明显的南北差异,并已形成"一线+两点"的经济空间格局;2000—2010年,Moran指数不断下降,高-高集聚区和低-低集聚区的县域数量与土地面积不断减少,河北省县域经济集聚效应减弱,经济发展渐趋均衡。     

顾及拓扑与尖角的分类矢量数据分组压缩算法

针对现有拆分重组法对存在复杂内环以及复杂相交岛屿多边形的分类矢量数据的压缩结果中包含裂缝、重叠及大量尖锐夹角的问题,提出了一种顾及拓扑一致性与尖角的分组压缩方法。依据分类矢量数据中多边形与多边形及其内环的相交关系对矢量矢量数据分组,以修正后拆分重组法结合直接分割法和间接分割法对分类矢量数据分组压缩,压缩结果中不存在裂缝与重叠现象,维护了分类矢量数据的拓扑一致性;通过取回尖角点前后被删除的点,解决了压缩结果中尖角过多的问题。以Landsat8遥感影像分类矢量数据实验验证了文章算法,并与直接分割法、间接分割法、拆分重组法进行了对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性。     

基于最优分割分级法的月球撞击坑分级及其演化分析

撞击坑是月球表面广泛分布的重要构造形态,占据了月球表面的大部分面积。撞击坑的直径差别很大,从几微米到数百千米,其退化程度与形成年代具有密切关系。为了研究不同地质年代形成的撞击坑直径大小及其演化规律,需采用量化分级方法对大小不同的撞击坑进行定量分级和统计分析。本文在月表撞击坑数据库LU60645GT和Lunar_Impact_Crater_Database(2011)的基础上,结合数据库中撞击坑的直径、深度和年代信息,利用最优分割分级法对撞击坑直径进行定量化分级,并根据分级结果,综合分析撞击坑几何形态特征及其演化规律。研究结果表明,撞击坑形态特征的演化与年代有密切的关系。在相同级别、相同地体下,撞击坑形成的年代越早,其形态特征的精细结构退化程度越明显,只保留了大体的几何形状;而在不同级别、相同地体、相同年代下的撞击坑形态特征则由简单逐渐变为复杂,坑物质也逐渐变得复杂。     

Modification of strain wedge method for lateral soil-pile interaction in sandEI北大核心CSCD

A modified strain wedge (SW) method for analyzing the behavior of laterally loaded single piles in sand is proposed. The modified model assumes that the lateral displacements of a pile behind the three-dimensional passive soil wedge are nonlinear, which makes the horizontal soil strain variable with depths instead of a constant value in the original strain wedge model, and also employs two different hyperbolic models, one for describing horizontal stress increment-strain behavior of soil in the wedge, and the other for describing the shear stress-displacement property at the interface between soil and pile shafts. An example is analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified method, and a good agreement is obtained. Finally, the effects of modifications on the lateral bearing capacity of pile shafts are discussed. The results show that the problem of overestimating the lateral bearing capacity of piles with strain wedge method can be ameliorated by introducing the assumption of nonlinear lateral displacements of piles. It makes the SW method more convenient and effective in analyzing the behavior of laterally loaded piles by introducing the new relationships of horizontal stress increment-strain and shear stress-displacement.     

Laboratory Simulation of the Formation Process of Surface Geochemical Anomalies Applied to Hydrocarbon Exploration

The formation mechanisms and processes of geochemical anomalies used as proxies in surface geochemistry exploration (SGE) have not been well understood. Previous studies cannot realize 3D measurement of microseeping hydrocarbons from reservoirs to the surface, which made it difficult to understand the features and pathways of deep hydrocarbon microseepages. Understanding the processes of hydrocarbon microseepages will contribute to the acceptance and effectiveness of surface geochemistry. Based on a simplified geological model of hydrocarbon microseepages, including hydrocarbon reservoir, direct caprock, overlying strata and Quaternary sediments, this work established a 3D experimental system to simulate the mechanisms and processes of deep hydrocarbon microseepes extending to the surface. The dispersive halos of microseeping hydrocarbons in the subsurface were adequately described by using this 3D experimental system. Results indicate that different migration patterns of hydrocarbons above the point gas source within the simulated caprock and overlying strata can be reflected by the ratio of i-butane to n-butane (i-C4/n-C4), which follow diffusion and infiltration (buoyancy) mechanisms. This is not the case for vertical measurement lines far from the point gas source. A vertical gas flow in the form of a plume was found during hydrocarbon microseepage. For sampling methods, the high-density grid sampling is favorable for delineating prospecting targets. Hydrocarbon infiltration or buoyancy flow occurs in the zones of infiltration clusters, coupling with a diffusion mechanism at the top of the water table and forming surface geochemical anomalies. These results are significant in understanding hydrocarbon microseepage and interpreting SGE data.     

Coupled Model of Two-phase Debris Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution

The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows,which evolves simultaneously across terrains,largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper,we present a depth-averaged two-phase debris-flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth,the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress,and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition(Iverson and Ouyang,2015) is presented. In this formula,the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe's Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.     

综合物化探方法在铁及多金属矿勘查中的应用——以包恩亨地区为例

研究区位于内蒙古包恩亨一带,地表覆盖较厚,找矿标志不明显,综合物化探方法对发现和圈定铁及多金属异常起到了重要作用,取得了显著成果。总结异常区的地质、地球物理和地球化学特征,对处于同一成矿远景区的其他地段寻找该类型矿床,具有十分重要的意义,为寻找隐伏矿床提供了依据。     

Using Geomechanical Method to Predict Tectonic Fractures in Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs

Understanding and interpreting the timing, location, orientation, and intensity of natural fractures within a geological structure are commonly important to both exploration and production planning activities of low-porosity and low-permeability carbonate reservoirs. In this study, we explore the application of comprehensive geomechanical methods to quantitatively characterize the fracture parameters based on Strain Energy Density Theory, such as linear fracture density and volume fracture density. This study approach is based on the idea that energy generated by tectonic stress on brittle sandstone,which can be distinguished fracture surface energy, friction energy dissipation and residual strain energy and natural fractures can be interpreted or inferred from geomechanical-model-derived strains. For this analysis, we model an extension and compression compound fault block developed in a mechanically stratified sandstone and shale sequence because mechanics experimental data and drilling data exist that can be directly compared with model results.However, the results show that the approach and our study conclusion are independent of the specified structural geometry, which can correlate fracture parameters in different stages with different tectonic activities, and finally build and visualize fracture networks in sandstone. The presence or absence of filling minerals in fractures is shown to strongly control the destruction and transformation of low-permeability sandstone, and this control possesses crucial implications for interpreting fracture aperture and reservoir flow simulation.