Methane adsorption comparison of different thermal maturity kerogens in shale gas system

To determine the effect of thermal maturity on the methane sorption in shale gas system, two different thermal maturity kerogens of type II isolated from Barnett shale of Fort Worth Basin were used to measure the methane adsorption amount under the pressure ranging from 0 to 14 MPa at constant temperatures. One kerogen was called Lee C-5-1 with 0.58% of vitrinite reflectance; the other was called Blakely#1 kerogen with 2.01% of vitrinite reflectance. The results suggested that the methane sorption capacity of kerogen Blakely#1 was higher than the immature kerogen Lee C-5-1, and its Langmuir constant and Langmuir maximum sorption amount, which were reached by fitting the measured data for at least square method, greater than the immature kerogen Lee C-5-1. This may be associated with that nanopores opened up during the degradation of organic matter, and which increased the specific surface area of kerogen. Therefore, the over mature kerogen has greater methane adsorption capacity.     

The impact of thermal maturity level on the composition of crude oils,assessed using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry

We have examined, using a 12 Tesla FTICR-MS instrument, the impact of varying thermal maturity level on a suite of 9 related crude oils charged from source rocks covering most of the liquid petroleum generating portion of the oil window (0.68–1.11% vitrinite reflectance equivalent (%Re)). The sample suite was analyzed as whole oils under three different conditions, electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative ion mode to analyze basic and acidic components, respectively, and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in positive ion mode, for sulfur and hydrocarbon species.Increasing oil maturity level had a strong influence on the composition of all compound classes in the oils with several major observations evident:The relative apparent abundances of all heteroatom containing compound classes detected in this study, using all ionization modes, decrease systematically with increasing oil maturation levels. Both aromatic hydrocarbons, detectable in APPI mode, and NSO compound classes (detectable in both ESI and APPI modes), as broad classes, are becoming more aromatic (shift to a greater predominance of higher DBE group members) and dealkylated (decreasing average molecular mass of individual compound groups), with increasing maturation level in the oil suite. Several putative oil maturity level dependent, molecular ratios were identified in the study. Of particular note, the relative abundance ratios of heteroatom compound classes tentatively identified as alkylated carbazoles, quinolines and benzothiophenes, compared to their benzannulated homologues are very sensitive to maturation level. Several groups of compounds show interesting and specific carbon number distributions, suggesting there may be hints of specific molecular markers in the FTICR-MS data. One observation of note is the strong increase in the relative abundance of protonated hydrocarbon components with DBE 5. We speculate this might reflect the presence of previously unreported higher molecular weight diamondoid (diamantane) species in oils with up to 40 carbon atoms or more, at advanced maturity levels. Such species may prove very valuable as molecular markers in highly mature fluids, such as those currently being produced from some shale reservoirs. Covariation of quantitative GC–MS data for alkylated hetero aromatic sulfur and nitrogen compounds in this oil suite, together with the corresponding FTICR-MS data from compounds believed to be, based on accurate mass, alkylated sulfur and alkylated nitrogen compounds, suggests that FTICR-MS already has some very rudimentary quantitation capabilities.     

大治河河口无齿螳臂相手蟹生长和成熟的研究(英文)

无齿螳臂相手蟹是长江口潮间带和潮上带的优势种之一,具有重要的生态功能。为探求无齿螳臂相手蟹不同阶段的异速生长和成熟状况,于2009年10月至2010年9月期间采集样本,通过聚类和分段线性回归等分析方法对雌雄蟹头胸甲、螯、腹部等形态数据进行分析,建立区别不同生长阶段的判别函数并用逻辑斯蒂回归估计其50%形态成熟点。结果如下:雌雄蟹50%形态成熟点分别为头胸甲宽18.22mm和16.36mm。雄蟹的螯宽和雌蟹的腹宽均表现出明显的异速生长;根据相对生长率的不同,雄蟹异速生长可分为三个阶段,雌蟹分为两个阶段;不成熟的雄蟹异速生长拐点发生在壳宽11.78mm,不成熟和成熟雌蟹腹部在壳宽13.04～18.64mm范围内重叠。同时研究了50%的生理成熟大小,雌雄成熟大小分别为17.50mm,17.20mm。雄性形态成熟大小小于生理成熟大小,而雌性则相反。     

Diurnal movements of the New Zealand fur seal at Kaikoura

At Kaikoura the greatest number of seals were ashore during mid afternoon, especially when this coincided with low tide. This is the best time of the day to count them.     

Applicability of Carbazole Migration Indices in Continental Rift Basins: A Case Study of Western Lujiapu Depression in Kailu Basin, NE China

<正>Kailu Basin in which the Western Lujiapu Depression is located is a typical continental rift basin.Biomarker parameters of the oils indicate that depositional facies and environments vary between the Bao 1 and Bao 14 fault blocks with a higher saline environment in the Bao 1 fault block, but such difference has no significant impact on carbazole abundance and distribution.Maturity and migration distance are the main controls on carbazole abundance and distribution in the Western Lujiapu Depression.The commonly used migration indices,such as ratios of nitrogen shield isomers to nitrogen exposed isomers(1-/4-methylcarbazole ratio,1,8-/2,4-dimethylcarbazole(DMC) ratio and half-shield/exposed-DMC ratio),absolute concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and BC ratio(=benzo [a]carbazole/(benzo[a]carbazole+benzo[c]carbazole)) increase at the low mature range and decrease at a higher mature range with increasing maturity.At relatively low maturity stage(Rc0.77%), maturation has reversal effects with migration on the ratios of nitrogen shield isomers to nitrogen exposed isomers,which may cover migration influence and makes these parameters fail to indicate migration effects.Valid migration indicators at this maturity stage are concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and BC ratios,which can provide ideal tools for migration direction assessment even within short migration distance.Maturity effects should be taken into account when carbazole compounds are applied to indicate migration direction,and at different maturity stages,these commonly used parameters have different validity in tracing migration direction.Coupled with our previous study in the Eastern Lujiapu Depression,a conceptual model of the variation of nitrogen migration indices can be established for terrestrial rifted basins,that is,strong fractionation lateral migration model through sandy beds,weak fractionation vertical migration model along faults,and maturity impacts on migration assessment.     

琥珀与柯巴树脂的有机成分及其谱学特征综述

琥珀与柯巴树脂都属于天然树脂,两者的物化性质有一定的相似性与过渡性,但成熟度的不同导致两者存在一定的差别。在综合国内外研究文献的基础上,分析了琥珀与柯巴树脂的形成过程,对比了两者在基本性质、FTIR,Raman,^13CNMR以及热分析等谱学特征方面的异同,发现由于柯巴树脂的成熟度低、lab—danoid型二萜化合物单体组分的质量分数高,造成其谱学特征与琥珀的略有不同。最后指出,要区分琥珀与柯巴树脂应以成熟度为判别依据,并综合分析两者的物化特性与谱学特征,才能得到较科学的结论。     

Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.     

The calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature — Theory and practice

How to quantitatively evaluate the maturity of crude oils is still an open question. Mango discovered a remarkable compositional invariance of four isoheptane ratios in crude oils, and proposed a steady-state catalytic model for the origin of light hydrocarbons. According to this model, 2,4/2,3 dimethylpentane ratio is a pure temperature parameter. Bement, Mango et al. established the functional equation between the two parameters--light hydrocarbon temperature and burial temperature and applied it to the calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, which provided a new choice for the study of oil maturity. In this paper, the Mango＇s parameters for hydrocarbons from the Tazhong area were calculated, the average K1 value is 1.06, which is in good consistency with the Mango＇s proposal that the K1 value is relatively stable. Calculated with the functional formula of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, the hydrocarbon-generating temperatures are with the range of 120-129℃, and the converted vitrinite reflectance （Ro） varies from 0.88% to 0.90%. This is well consistent with the maturity characteristics of neohopanes. The results have verified the reliability of this method.     

东营凹陷原油、储层吸附烃全扫描荧光特征与应用

应用全扫描荧光分析(TSF、QGF-E)技术对东营凹陷沙河街组40个原油、15个储层包裹烃、39个储层砂吸附烃的三维荧光特征进行了定性与定量分析。分析表明,原油与包裹烃的TSF指纹特征总体相似,均为单峰型,指示油气成因具有内在的联系。观察到不同原油TSF强度峰宽与最高值有异,低成熟度样品往往具有较高的TSF强度及较宽的峰。进一步分析表明,原油TSF最高强度、TSF定量参数R1[270nm(Em360nm/Em320nm)]、R2[260nm(Em360nm/Em320nm)]与生物标志物成熟度参数C29甾烷ααα20S/(S+R)、Ts/(Tm+Ts)等有较好的线性正相关性,反映TSF荧光指纹特征及其定量参数可作为一种温标用于热成熟度分析。应用TSF技术确认东营凹陷中央隆起带原油成熟度具有自西南向东北逐渐降低的变化规律,其反映了油源与油气充注方面的重要信息。对东营凹陷牛庄洼陷两口井的储层砂的QGF-E分析表明,颗粒样品所在层段的烃类含量普遍较高,反映致密薄层砂、微裂缝等可能为该洼陷岩性油气藏重要的隐蔽型油气运移通道。TSF、QGF-E技术在油气族群、储层含油气性、油气运移路径与油层识别等方面具有广泛的应用前景。