Thermal history and source rock characterization of a Paleozoic section in the Awbari Trough,Murzuq Basin,SW Libya

In some areas of the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, the lower Silurian member comprises highly radioactive shales (Hot Shale), which are regarded as the most significant factor controlling petroleum generation in the basin. In this context, it was the goal of our project to study the distribution and maturity of the Hot Shale in the framework of basin evolution. Organic geochemical, organic petrological and basin modelling methods were used to obtain a more thorough understanding. Four wells from the northern and central part of the Awbari Trough have been selected for this study.     

南海礼乐盆地新生代构造热演化特征及其影响因素

为深入认识新生代礼乐盆地的热体制特征,利用耦合岩石圈变形、热演化和沉积过程的热力学数值模型,重建了8条骨干剖面的构造热演化史,并对主要构造单元的热体制进行了分析．结果表明：张裂阶段,热流总体上随时间增加,张裂结束时,海底热流一般介于70～80mW·m~(-2),基底浅埋区热流高于邻近凹陷区内热流;裂后阶段,非礁体发育区热流逐渐降低,现今海底热流一般介于65～70mW·m~(-2),局部区域热流因岩体侵位而有所增高,礁体发育区受到礁体与周围海水热交换的影响,海底热流降低或为负值,而基底热流可以达到70mW·m~(-2)左右．进一步分析表明,礼乐盆地新生代热体制主要是在古近纪岩石圈强烈减薄基础上,叠加了晚期岩浆侵位、基底起伏、沉积过程以及海底地形等局部因素影响的结果,礁体发育区热体制还受到礁体与周围海水热交换的影响;盆地凹陷中心区生油门限深度一般介于2000～2500mbsf,门限温度介于90～110℃;礁体发育区生油门限深度明显大于邻近的北1凹陷沉积中心区．     

全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展

全球非常规页岩层系油气资源丰富,富有机质页岩主要沉积在劳亚构造域和特提斯构造域的上侏罗统、渐新统—中新统、白垩系和上泥盆统4套页岩层系内。交汇分析北美典型页岩油区块产量与R_o数据关系,提出R_o为0.7%作为低熟页岩油和中高熟页岩油的界限,系统评价了全球116个盆地157套页岩层系中高熟页岩油、低熟页岩油技术可采资源量约2 512亿t,主要分布在北美洲、南美洲、北非和俄罗斯,以前陆盆地中新界、克拉通盆地古生界、裂谷盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地的中生界为主。海相页岩油受显生宙以来的海侵影响,富集在稳定克拉通和前陆等类型盆地中,具大面积稳定分布、成熟度适中等特征;陆相页岩油受暖室期气候影响,主要在坳陷、断陷等类型盆地中发育,以微纳米级无机孔隙和微页理裂缝为主要储渗空间通道,具有沉积相横向变化大、“甜点区段”局部富集等特征。中国石油工业正经历从“陆相页岩生油”向“陆相页岩产油”转变,初步形成源岩油气“进源找油”地质理论、陆相页岩油高效勘探及低成本开发技术体系,推动中国陆相页岩油取得重要突破。着力加强应用基础理论研究与关键技术攻关,构建地质-工程一体化模式,...     

多期岩浆侵入事件对长昌凹陷烃源岩热演化的影响

最新研究表明长昌凹陷发育多期岩浆侵入事件。针对多期岩浆侵入事件对长昌凹陷烃源岩热演化的影响尚不明确的问题,文章依据最新地震、地化、钻井等资料,利用地震相技术在凹陷内识别出9个四期岩浆侵入体;在此基础上,运用三维盆地模拟技术对岩浆侵入事件进行热模拟,定量评价多期岩浆侵入事件对凹陷内烃源岩热演化影响。模拟结果表明,岩浆侵入体对烃源岩热演化有促进,但影响范围有限,岩浆体规模与其影响范围有如下规律：岩浆体直径小于2 km,对烃源岩热演化影响范围的半径小于2 km;岩浆体直径大于2 km而小于5 km,影响范围半径小于5 km;岩浆体直径大于10 km而小于20 km,影响范围半径小于16 km。因此长昌凹陷烃源岩主体热演化基本不受岩浆侵入事件的影响,且其可能带来非烃充注风险。结合岩浆侵入体对研究区两口钻井影响的分析,厘定长昌凹陷生烃门限为海底以下2300~2500 m。这些研究为凹陷下一步油气勘探奠定了基础。     

内蒙古林西地区上二叠统林西组烃源岩有机岩石学特征

内蒙古东部林西地区是二连盆地外围石炭-二叠系油气勘探的重要潜力区之一．为了研究上二叠统林西组烃源岩有机岩石学特征,对野外露头剖面的林西组烃源岩开展了总有机碳、有机显微组分、镜质体反射率及岩石热解等测试分析.结果表明：林西组烃源岩总有机碳分布在0.63%～1.30%,平均为0.87%,所有样品含量均大于0.6%;有机显微组分分布在0.27%～3.66%,平均值为2.08%,其中95.24%的样品达到1.0%以上,表明有机质丰度达到了“较好”至“好”级别;镜质体反射率分布在1.26%～2.58%,平均值为1.88%,其中90.47%的样品含量大于1.3%,镜质体反射率较高,表明有机质成熟度达到“高成熟”至“过成熟”阶段;岩石热解氢指数分布在8×10-3～89×10^-3,平均为27.52×10^-3,表明有机质类型归属于Ⅲ型.综合评价表明林西地区上二叠统林西组烃源岩属于“较好—好”烃源岩,生烃潜力较大,具有较好的油气资源前景.     

Organic matter geochemistry and petrography of Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) organic-rich shales from the Belle Fourche and Second White Specks formations,west-central Alberta,Canada

Organic-rich mudstones with up to 10 wt% TOC from the upper portion of the Belle Fourche Formation and the lower part of the Second White Specks Formation in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin were evaluated as source rocks. Both geochemistry and organic petrography indicate an open marine paleoenvironment with deposition of Type II kerogen based on the predominance of marine alginite and amorphous organic matter (OM), limited amounts of terrigenous vitrinite and inertinite macerals, the presence of marine fossils, and the low ratio of TOC to total sulfur (∼1.26). The prevalence of short-chain n-alkanes (n-C₁₃ to n-C₁₉), a predominance of C₂₈ αββ(H)-20S steranes, and small concentrations of oleanane confirm the dominantly algal and planktonic origin of OM. Alternating oxic to anoxic paleoenvironmental sedimentary conditions are proposed based on common bioturbation, abundant inoceramid prisms, and good organic richness. Biomarker distributions are consistent with intermittent anoxia, without unequivocal evidence for water column stratification or hypersalinity. The thermal maturity measured in seven sediment cores by different methods consistently indicates a westward increase in maturity according to vitrinite reflectance, T_max, and hopane and sterane biomarkers. Two cores are thermally immature (∼0.42 %Ro), one is early mature (∼0.65 %Ro), and four cores are within the oil window (∼0.78 to 0.89 %Ro). All thermally mature cores retain good to very good hydrocarbon potential (248 mg HC/g rock) and are dominantly oil-prone and minor gas-prone based on their maceral compositions. The upper Belle Fourche and lower Second White Specks Formations represent potential targets for unconventional light shale oil production.     

岩浆弧火成岩构造组合与洋陆转换

本文从岩浆弧的火成岩构造组合、主要地质特征和弧地壳成熟度几个方面,讨论洋陆转换作用及其过程。表征洋俯冲环境的火成岩构造组合主要有英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩(TTG)组合,高镁安山岩组合,镁安山岩组合,Adakite组合(即高锶低钇中酸性岩)与富铌弧玄武岩组合等。基于火成岩构造组合的配置,讨论了4种可能的洋俯冲壳的壳幔结构:(1)热的年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆冷的幔楔岩石圈;(2)冷的老的俯冲洋壳与冷的幔楔岩石圈;(3)冷的老的洋壳与热的幔楔软流圈;(4)热的年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆幔楔软流圈。讨论了弧岩浆前锋作为结构标志以及空间组成极性的构造意义;讨论了弧火山作用的时间极性与弧成熟度及其地壳厚度之间的正相关关系,提出岩浆弧地壳双层结构的模型,下地壳主要为玄武质的基性麻粒岩和角闪岩,上地壳为长英质的TTG片麻岩,相当于大陆壳形成的第一阶段,即新生陆壳。岩浆弧及其洋—陆过渡性的弧地壳是洋俯冲作用形成的洋陆转换带(或增生造山带)的最重要的记录。     

Assessment of digital camera-derived vegetation indices in quantitative monitoring of seasonal rice growth

A commercially available digital camera can be used in a low-cost automatic observation system for monitoring crop growth change in open-air fields. We developed a prototype Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS) for monitoring rice growth, but the ready-made waterproof cases that we used produced shadows on the images. After modifying the waterproof cases, we repeated the fixed-point camera observations to clarify questions regarding digital camera-derived vegetation indices (VIs), namely, the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) based on daytime normal color images (RGB image) and the nighttime relative brightness index (NRBI_NIR) based on nighttime near infrared (NIR) images. We also took frequent measurements of agronomic data such as plant length, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground dry matter weight to gain a detailed understanding of the temporal relationship between the VIs and the biophysical parameters of rice. In addition, we conducted another nighttime outdoor experiment to establish the link between NRBI_NIR and camera-to-object distance. The study produced the following findings. (1) The customized waterproof cases succeeded in preventing large shadows from being cast, especially on nighttime images, and it was confirmed that the brightness of the nighttime NIR images had spatial heterogeneity when a point light source (flashlight) was used, in contrast to the daytime RGB images. (2) The additional experiment using a forklift showed that both the ISO sensitivity and the calibrated digital number of the NIR (cDN_NIR) had significant effects on the sensitivity of NRBI_NIR to the camera-to-object distance. (3) Detailed measurements of a reproductive stem were collected to investigate the connection between the morphological feature change caused by the panicle sagging process and the downtrend in NRBI_NIR during the reproductive stages. However, these agronomic data were not completely in accord with NRBI_NIR in terms of the temporal pattern. (4) The time-series data for the LAI, plant length, and aboveground dry matter weight could be well approximated by a sigmoid curve based on NRBI_NIR and VARI. The results confirmed that NRBI_NIR was more sensitive to all of the agronomic data for overall season, including the early reproductive stages. VARI had an especially high correlation with LAI, unless yellow panicles appeared in the field of view.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Jurassic–Cretaceous Tetori Group,central Japan

Primary data on the organic geochemistry of the Tetori Group provide basic information about depositional environments and thermal maturation of organic matter through two geological sections in the Hokuriku region, central Japan. The thermal maturity of organic matter was evaluated by the methylphenanthrene index‐1. The maturity progressively increases stratigraphically down through the Izumi section in Fukui Prefecture. The estimated vitrinite reflectance equivalent is <1.35% near the top of the section, gradually increasing to >2.0% near the base. The thermal maturation process can account for stratigraphic changes in abundance of PAHs through this section. However, the occasional occurrence of coronene in the middle of the Izumi section is attributed to possible paleo‐wildfires that supplied more coronene to the depositional site. The stratigraphic distribution of PAHs through the Tateyama section, Toyama Prefecture, also can be explained by the same scenario as envisaged for the Izumi section, but weathering and/or other secondary factors may have partly modified primary signals for this section. Polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds were observed in nearly all samples from both sections, even in samples for which a freshwater paleoenvironment is surmised. Most plausibly, some reduced sulfur was re‐oxidized to elemental sulfur, which persisted in the sediments and may have contributed to the formation of aromatic sulfur compounds. Hence, polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds do not provide an index to separate marine environments from the freshwater settings for the Tetori Group.     

煤和泥岩不同温度条件下非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化特征

在密闭体系中,200～450℃的条件下进行了煤和泥岩加水的模拟实验,分析了实验产物非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化特征,并讨论了不同温度条件下非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化的机理.实验结果表明,非烃中咔唑类化合物是沉积有机质成岩过程的产物,其含量和组成受有机质成熟度影响较大.该研究结果不仅加深了对非烃中咔唑类化合物演化机理的认识,而...