Determination of Ga,Ge, Mo,Ag, Cd,In, Sn,Sb, W,Tl and Bi in USGS Whole‐Rock Reference Materials by Standard Addition ICP‐MS

A procedure for determining a wide range of chalcophile and siderophile elements in typical crustal rocks using standard addition and ICP‐SFMS (inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry) is presented. New results for Ga, Ge, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, W, Tl and Bi abundances in USGS whole‐rock reference materials AGV‐2, BHVO‐1, BIR‐1, G‐2, GSP‐1 and W‐2 are reported using this analytical procedure. Intermediate precision of means based on multiple dissolved aliquots of each USGS reference material was 10% RSD or better for Ga, Ge, In and Sn in all, and similarly good for Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Bi in most reference materials. Poorer intermediate precision of Mo and W measurements in several reference materials is probably due to higher analytical blanks on these elements and powder heterogeneity due to a sulfide‐related nugget effect in the specific case of Mo in GSP‐1. Results for all elements fell within the range of available published data with the exception of Ag, which yielded systematically higher concentrations than found in the literature for five of the six reference materials, likely reflecting interference from unresolved polyatomic species.     

合成锂皂石用作钻井液造浆材料实验研究

高温下水基钻井液中膨润土颗粒会发生高温分散或高温聚结作用,从而导致钻井液性能发生剧变,针对这一问题,开展了合成锂皂石用作钻井液造浆材料实验研究。采用X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电镜及红外光谱对合成锂皂石H-6样进行了结构表征,对其分散性、抗盐性及抗温性能等进行了评价,并分析了合成锂皂石抗高温增稠机理。试验结果发现:合成锂皂石H-6样层间存在Na+与Li+两种阳离子,其阳离子交换容量(CEC)为149. 1mmol/100g,而且远高于钠膨润土的CEC值;合成锂皂石极易分散在水中,能明显提高水相的黏度,而且不受水化时间及水化温度影响。例如,当H-6加量从0. 5%增加至4%时,其分散体系的表观黏度从1. 5mPa·s增加至63. 5mPa·s;随着温度增加,合成锂皂石分散体系的表观黏度呈先增加后基本不变趋势,未出现高温明显增稠或高温减稠现象。例如,2%H-6分散体系在180～240℃高温老化后,其表观黏度在22～24mPa·s变化;合成锂皂石H-6样与其它处理剂配伍性好,采用其作为造浆材料配制的超高温水基钻井液具有优良的抗高温稳定性及高温流变性能,无需添加抗高温增黏剂及抗高温稀释剂来调整钻井液的流变性能。研究结果表明,合成锂皂石具有优良的抗高温分散性能,适合用作抗高温造浆材料,用于配制超高温水基钻井液。     

A visco‐plastic constitutive model for granular soils modified according to non‐local and gradient approaches

An already available non‐associated elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model with anisotropic strain hardening is modified in order to describe both the constitutive parameter dependency on relative density and the spatio‐temporal evolution of strain localization. To achieve this latter goal, two distinct but similar approaches are introduced: one inspired by the gradient theory and one by the non‐local theory. A one‐dimensional case concerning a simple shear test for a non‐homogeneous infinitely long dense sand specimen is numerically discussed and a finite difference scheme is employed for this purpose. The results obtained by following the two different approaches are critically analysed and compared. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气象服务产业化、商品化趋势及其对策

20世纪50年代以来,大气科学的发展和新科技在气象实践中的运用,不同程度地提高着气象成果的多样性、专业性、应用性和有效性,从而创造了气象成果产业化、商品化的物质技术条件;社会生产和居民生活对气象成果更为多样的、专一的需要,形成了气象成果产业化、商品化的市场条件。我国气象服务有偿化的发展已成为趋势;但从社会需求与气象服务自身现状考察,认真转变观念、积极调整结构、大力拓展市场、深化基础研究乃是加速气象成果产业化、商品化趋势的基本对策。     

Microplane constitutive model for porous isotropic rocks

The paper deals with constitutive modelling of contiguous rock located between rock joints. A fully explicit kinematically constrained microplane‐type constitutive model for hardening and softening non‐linear triaxial behaviour of isotropic porous rock is developed. The microplane framework, in which the constitutive relation is expressed in terms of stress and strain vectors rather than tensors, makes it possible to model various microstructural physical mechanisms associated with oriented internal surfaces, such as cracking, slip, friction and splitting of a particular orientation. Formulation of the constitutive relation is facilitated by the fact that it is decoupled from the tensorial invariance restrictions, which are satisfied automatically. In its basic features, the present model is similar to the recently developed microplane model M4 for concrete, but there are significant improvements and modifications. They include a realistic simulation of (1) the effects of pore collapse on the volume changes during triaxial loading and on the reduction of frictional strength, (2) recovery of frictional strength during shearing, and (3) the shear‐enhanced compaction in triaxial tests, manifested by a deviation from the hydrostatic stress–strain curve. The model is calibrated by optimal fitting of extensive triaxial test data for Salem limestone, and good fits are demonstrated. Although these data do not cover the entire range of behaviour, credence in broad capabilities of the model is lend by its similarity to model M4 for concrete—an artificial rock. The model is intended for large explicit finite‐element programs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Macro- and meiofaunal recolonisation of dredged material used for habitat enhancement: temporal patterns in community development

In recent years, dredged material has become regarded as a potential resource and used to create and/or improve intertidal habitats (i.e., beneficial use). This paper presents the results of a sampling programme to investigate the long-term (42 months post-recharge) macro- and meiofaunal recolonisation processes of a beneficial use scheme in south-east England. While univariate indices of community structure indicated that the scheme’s meiofaunal community was never significantly different from that of a nearby reference area, such attributes for macrofauna were continually significantly below those of the reference area, although this was not the case for all reference stations. Multivariate analyses revealed that macro- and meiofaunal community structures were always significantly different from those of the reference communities. We discuss the factors responsible for these observations and propose that assessing recovery of a beneficial use scheme should be undertaken using pre-defined criteria in addition to comparisons with a reference site.     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料研究进展

硅是青海省储量丰富的资源之一,因其储锂容量高、安全性能优越,而成为锂离子电池理想的负极材料,但由于硅在深度嵌脱锂时体积效应大,易与导电介质、集流体失去电接触,造成电极循环性能迅速下降。对抑制其体积效应、增加其电导率的"低维化"和"复合化"两种技术进行了介绍。     

区域物质流通虚拟网络研究——以金沙江流域中段为例

受各种地理环境要素的制约,地形复杂区域产品、能源、生产工具等物质的流通阻力较大,建立基于阻力最小的物质流通网,对于区域发展具有重要意义。以GIS软件为分析平台,选择地形复杂的金沙江流域中段为研究对象,选取地形、地貌、植被覆盖、土地利用类型等为物质流通阻力评价指标,采用专家打分及灰色关联等评价方法,建立区域内阻力最小的物质流通虚拟网络。在该网络的基础上,分析区域内各城市的物质流通性,探讨出建立地形复杂地区最佳物质流通虚拟网络的方法。物质流通虚拟网络可为区域内道路、管道、电网的最佳线路选址提供科学依据;城市间物质流通性分析结果可为区域规划提供参考。     

基于MFA与DEA分析的辽宁省物质减量化检验研究

选择老工业基地的核心代表——辽宁省作为研究对象,分析其物质流账户指标,判断了1990～2008年辽宁省直接物质投入、生产过程排放及物质总需求3个账户指标的走向趋势;运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法分析物质流账户(MFA)主要指标的综合效率,明确了辽宁省物质减量化的急切任务,对辽宁省物质流减量化发展历程进行了检验研究。研究发现:(1)辽宁省经济增长的物质投入减量化趋势存在,物质投入对环境的破坏表现仍然比较突出。(2)辽宁省直接物质投入与生产过程排放各自的综合效率呈增长趋势,总体平均效率较低,即经济发展伴随着物质投入的相对饱和及废物排放对环境的破坏。(3)辽宁省物质减量化的反弹效应升高,表现为随直接物质投入的增加,环境压力将更加严峻;减量效应的波动变化影响了相应年份的物质投入与排放。(4)1990～2008年,辽宁省共减少直接物质投入22.88亿t、减少生产过程排放5.82亿t;潜在物质减量指数高于潜在废物减排指数,折射出由于直接物质投入的持续增长,将会导致废弃物的进一步过度排放;物质减量化总缺口与废物减排总缺口均大于0,说明辽宁省物质减量化和废物减排潜力得到一定程度实现,但是与理想状态还有较大差距。     

精密水准资料检查应注意的问题

通过对精密水准资料的二级检查,剔除其中的纰漏与错误,把一份完整、全面、优秀的资料交与上级部门。