基于海事大数据的港口感知计算

随着港口信息化建设的推进,积累了大量来源多样、结构各异的海事大数据,为了解港口城市的生产力和区域经济发展水平提供了新的契机。本文综合介绍了作者近期关于如何利用海事大数据进行港口感知计算的工作,给出了一个基于海事大数据的港口感知计算框架,利用船舶GPS轨迹、船舶属性、港口地理信息和港口设施参数等多源异构海事大数据,估算出一系列反映港口生产力的指标,从而对港口进行综合评价和比较。首先,利用船舶轨迹和港口地理信息数据,自动检测船舶在港口码头中的靠泊装卸事件;然后,利用船舶属性和港口设施数据,自动估计出每次靠泊装卸事件的货物吞吐量;最后,对各个港口码头的靠泊船数和货物吞吐量进行统计,从而计算出一系列港口生产力指标,包括到港船数、货物吞吐量、码头作业效率和泊位利用率等。在2011年的海事大数据上的实验结果表明,本框架能准确地估算出上述港口生产力指标。同时,以香港为例对上述港口的生产力指标进行分析,探讨基于海事大数据的港口感知计算框架在提高港口生产效率、优化海运航线中的积极作用。     

海洋大数据:内涵、应用及平台建设

信息技术的快速发展,带动海洋数据快速积累,海洋已经进入大数据时代。海洋大数据即是在当前大数据时代背景下,大数据技术在海洋领域的科学实践,具有大体量(Volume)、多样性(Variety)、快速流转(Velocity)和高价值(Value)的"4V"特征,是在大数据的理论指导和技术支撑下的价值实现,也是实施海洋强国战略、开发海洋资源、拉动海洋经济、维护国家海洋权益的重要基础。本文讨论了海洋大数据的内涵和外延,从数据特征、数据种类的角度对海洋大数据进行了全面的定义;并详细介绍了海洋大数据的应用领域;进一步阐述了海洋大数据平台建设的关键技术问题及其在海洋大数据服务平台实例中的应用;从数据共享、数据管理和数据安全的角度,探讨了海洋大数据面临的挑战和机遇;最后对未来海洋大数据的发展趋势和方向进行了展望。     

“多规合一”的海洋空间规划体系设计初步研究

本文分析了我国海洋空间规划中存在的矛盾,即规划内容重叠,规划部门盘根错节和空间事权分散。究其根源,在于各规划间存在技术障碍,规划体系不成熟以及缺乏与陆域规划的衔接。海洋空间规划"多规合一"的关键在于理清规划层级之间、规划主体之间、海洋空间规划与其他涉海规划之间的关系,并据此提出了"一个市县,一本规划、一张蓝图、一个平台、一套制度"的总体构想,以及目标战略融合、数据与标准融合、规划范围与规划期的融合、规划与政策融合、主体部门融合的建议。     

高精度缓冲区边界相向逼近求交算法研究及实验

针对海洋划界等距离线/中间线方法中双方距离比例不为1∶1时的海洋划界存在的不足,探讨了基于欧氏平面的距离等比例线法及其后续研究存在的精度无法满足海洋划界的实际应用需求的问题,提出了基于地球椭球体解算距离等比例线的高精度缓冲区边界相向逼近求交算法,并阐述了该算法的基本原理和实现步骤,最后结合海洋划界实例,对该算法的有效性进行了验证。     

基于3维GIS的镇江市内河水上搜救应急指挥管理系统设计与实现

针对镇江市内河水上突发事件的特点,在3维GIS平台的基础上,整合CCTV视频监控系统、GPS定位系统、海事通等先进的手段,在突发事件发生时,该系统能及时预警,准确定位突发事件的位置,进行总体指挥调控,形成实施应急预案的交互式实战指南,为应急管理提供便捷的工具,为指挥决策提供辅助支持手段。     

GPS设备海上动态定位精度检测新方法

为解决GPS设备海上动态定位精度检测的问题,提出了利用高精度全站仪对GPS设备动态跟踪进行动态定位精度评定.阐述了检测基准数据的采集和处理,以及利用惯性测量设备提供的姿态数据将GPS定位数据归算到检测基准.简要介绍了进行动态定位精度评定所采用的方法,并对系统的误差进行了分析.最后通过实验验证了新方法的有效性.     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.     

Mineral accumulations induced by biological activity on granitic rocks in Qinghai Plateau,China

Fragments of weathered granitic rocks from the Kunlun Shan, Qinghai Plateau (China) were investigated to elucidate the in?uence of biotic crusts on the breakdown of granitic rocks in an alpine environment. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive system and X‐ray diffractometry were used to describe the nature and properties of mineral accumulations on the rock surface. Results showed that organic salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium formate are associated with Aspicilia caesiocinera (Nyl.ex Malbr.) Arnold, Caloplaca sp., Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th.Fr., and Lecidea plana (Lahm) Nyl. Secondary accumulations of 2 : 1 clays minerals are found in A. caesiocinera while oxides of manganese are associated with X. elegans. Coatings of goethite (iron oxides) are believed to form from biological activity associated with the presence of hyphae and rodlet structures on the ?akes. Calcium oxalate crystallizes into several morphologies such as druse, hexagonal plates, and lenticular containing between 20 and 48 per cent calcium by weight. Calcium formate and iron oxide (goethite) occur together in the form of ‘red’ desert varnish. Observed ‘black’ coatings contain as much as 37 per cent manganese and 22 per cent iron. Clay accumulations have plate‐like morphology and contain c. 2 : 1 silicon to aluminium contents. We argue that organic acids from the activities of biotic crusts contribute to the breakdown of granitic rocks. Fungi accelerate the breakdown of granitic rocks through the growth of fungal hyphae along the 001 cleavage planes in primary chloritic minerals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南极石生地衣主要生物风化作用研究进展与展望

地衣以物理、化学方式参与矿质基质的风化作用 ,诱导和加速岩石的风化过程。本文对南极地区表生和内生型地衣的生物风化作用进行了综合论述 ,详细阐述了不同地衣种类诱导和参与几种主要岩石类型 (砂岩类和火成岩类 )风化作用的模式、机制、过程以及产物。同时指出 ,地衣等其他生物因素间接参与的风化过程 ,地衣导致的岩石抗风化效应以及生物风化速率等方面的研究工作是目前南极生物风化作用研究方面的新领域。     

GIS goes nano: Vegetation studies in Victoria Land, Antarctica

Abstract: Vegetation in Antarctica consists mainly of algae, moss and lichen and is interesting to research because of the isolation and extreme growing conditions. An understanding of this vegetation is important for both the management of tourism in Antarctica, and because it provides a potential barometer of global climate and environmental change. This paper demonstrates two applications of GIS to mapping vegetation in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The first application computes the changes that have occurred to the vegetation within a 120 m by 28 m plot between 1962 and 2004. The second application maps and analyses the growth of a lichen specimen (Buellia frigida) during the same period. These applications demonstrate that GIS is a multiscale technology that can be used to detect detailed change in vegetation growth.