振冲法处理淤泥土体的研究

18层住宅楼建在天然地基中的含淤泥土层上, 地基采用振冲法处理。通过对各楼不同层位处的载荷试验和主体施工中的沉降观测得出: 较厚淤泥层上的高层建筑地基采用振冲法处理可以取得经济可靠的效果; 加大振冲器功率可使基础沉降效果明显减小; 振冲桩复合地基中附加应力扩散现象随软土层上部相对硬层强度增加而增加, 但以上部土层厚度影响为主; 对于筏板基础, 载荷试验曲线初段受深度影响不能真实反映复合地基的压缩性。     

南巴伦支海磁场异常及其与海底地质结构的对比(英文)

对1986—2001年间巴伦支海南部海洋磁力测量的数据处理结果进行了研究。南巴伦支海底的地磁测量揭示出其复杂多期的地质构造结构,其中以两期分离型的构造为主导:(1)具NW走向的里菲-文德期继承性裂谷构造;(2)NE向转换叠加断层正交系统。晚泥盆世碱性侵入体及其相关的金属矿化作用恰位于这些构造系统的交点上。     

华北板块东南缘海相层系演化特征及油气远景

在大别造山带内发现的可燃天然气和发生燃烧的隧道具有明显的区域性,集中分布于磨子潭-晓天断裂以南的北大别杂岩带和信阳-舒城断裂附近的早石炭世变质石英片岩中,磨子潭-晓天断裂和信阳。舒城断裂是连通深部的气源通道断裂;推覆体之下的下寒武统凤台组和北淮阳型石炭系两套海相烃源岩是隧道可燃天然气的主力气源岩,其中下寒武统凤台组属大陆边缘沉积,其发育的海相泥质烃源岩具有高碳,高“R。”,高T…和低氯仿“A”的特点,已进入热演化的过成熟阶段;北淮阳型石炭系处于前陆盆地的沉积中心,地层序列齐全,其煤系源岩有机质丰度高,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,热演化程度很高,大量的油气已经生成,最重要的是研究其成烃过程与圈闭配套史的关系。大别造山带隧道可燃天然气的发现展示了合肥盆地区深部海相层系可能潜在良好的勘探前景。因此,进一步勘探重心应从“中新生代盆地系统”转移到“深部海相层系”,以寻找“古生古储”或“古生新储”类型油气藏为主。     

雪峰山西侧地区海相油气勘探前景初析

通过对雪峰山西侧地层叠覆关系、沉积序列、层序地层和旋回沉积特征等油气地质的调查研究,表明雪峰山西侧盆地演化与四川盆地一样,均经历了从被动陆缘(Z-O1)→类前陆(O2-S)→克拉通-大陆边缘盆地(D-T2)→内陆湖盆(T3-J)和山间盆地(K-Q)5个演化阶段;发育9个区域性平行不整合和1个角度不整合,构成5个构造层,即①南华系-震旦系;②下古生界;③上古生界-下中三叠统;④上三叠统-下中侏罗统;⑤上白垩统及其以上.总体构造活动性不强,对油气长期保存和演化有利.5个构造层孕育了4个一级生储盖组合,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ为有利组合.因此,该地区原生油气地质条件优越,但后期改造较强,特别是侏罗纪末期的燕山运动以来的造山和隆升剥蚀量大,是该区海相下组合油气勘探的制约性因素.     

Meteorological Observations 2002 at the Arctic Station,Qeqertarsuaq (69°15'N), Central West Greenland

An automatic meteorological station has been operating at the Arctic Station (69°15'N, 53°31'W) in West Greenland since 1990. This paper summarises meteorological parameters during 2002, including snow cover, ground temperatures and active layer development, and air temperatures at the Station during the last 12 years are compared to large scale trends during the last century.

A compilation of 93 sedimentation rate determinations based on ²¹⁰Pb dating has been carried out for the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition area from a database containing 165 determinations carried out by Danish institutions. In the depositional parts of the area sedimentation rates generally range 25–6403 g m^?2 y^?1. An extreme rate of 13351 g m^?2 y^?1 is observed on a station in the Skagerrak. Sedimentation rates significantly increase with depth indicating that the Skagerrak and northern parts of the Kattegat as well as the deep basins in the Baltic Sea act as depocentres for fine-grained sediments. Apparently, sedimentation rates have increased in recent years.     

A GIS-Based Tool for Representing Larval Dispersal for Marine Reserve Selection

Increasing efforts to implement marine protected areas (MPAs) as a means of managing marine ecosystems have created a need for evaluating potential spatial management plans. Almost all marine populations are metapopulations, connected reproductively by the dispersal of pelagic larvae. Models of marine population dynamics must account for larval connectivity, but despite recent advances connectivity patterns are still poorly understood. To allow more informed decision making when complete information on dispersal is lacking, we have developed a method based on geographic information systems (GIS) for representing larval dispersal distributions based on bathymetry and typical flows in the coastal ocean. These distributions reflect (1) generally greater flow in directions along, rather than across, lines of constant bathymetry and (2) lesser flow in shallow near-shore waters. We demonstrate how to parameterize this two-dimensional method for depicting larval dispersal based on comparisons to local oceanographic data. We then compare the predictions of the two-dimensional method to those of a simpler one-dimensional alternative in a population model used to evaluate proposed MPAs along the coast of central California. The method produces reasonable larval dispersal patterns and appears to include the effects of bathymetry on population dynamics better than commonly used one-dimensional methods and without requiring the significantly greater investment of developing particle-tracking circulation models. An important advantage of a two-dimensional approach is more realistic portrayal of the dependence of population persistence on the cross-shelf dimension of available habitat.     

雪崩防治工程研究与应用现状

雪崩是对高寒山区房屋、设施、道路安全威胁最大的自然灾害之一.在目前雪崩监测预警技术还很不完善的情况下,发展灾害防治工程技术是避免或减轻雪崩对人类生命财产损失的重要措施.对国际上常用雪崩防治工程进行分类,重点按作用手段分别阐述了各种防治工程的研究与应用现状,对防治工程研究进展、适用范围、设计要求、应用情况等关键问题进行了总结和探讨.研究认为,目前的雪崩灾害防护工程存在修筑标准欠缺、雪崩机理不明确、工程设计参数计算不合理、试验模拟不理想、基础理论研究落后于实践活动等不足,并建议从工程综合配置、雪崩与防护结构相互作用、工程设计参数定量化研究、开发积雪清理技术、构建监测预警系统等方面开展先行工作.     

不同品系坛紫菜自由丝状体在异常条件下生长发育的比较

以坛紫菜的4个品系(A、B、C、D)的丝状体为材料,探讨和比较了各品系在异常条件下,即高温(30℃、32℃)、高盐(盐度35、38)、低盐(盐度10、15)、低氮磷含量(N:0.0252mg/dm3;P:0.0041mg/dm3)的生长发育状况,筛选出抗逆的品系实验结果表明:(1)在高温32℃下,品系C生长较好,其瞬时生长率为0.40,表现出较强的耐高温特性;(2)在盐度38的海水中,品系A较能适应,藻色正常,瞬时生长率高达3.66,较耐高盐;(3)在盐度10的海水中,品系D的瞬时生长率为0.46,且形成了大量的、正常的孢子囊枝;(4)在低氮、磷的环境下,品系D适应性较强,其瞬时生长率为2.27,部分藻丝颜色恢复,并形成较多的、正常的孢子囊枝.     

Hydrological study of the potential effects of the melting of Nevado del Ruiz glacier on urban growth zones in Manizales,Colombia

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of a hydrological study aimed at characterizing flood-prone areas in the urban growth zone in the city of Manizales based on the potential effects of melting of the Nevado del Ruiz glacier, in Caldas, Colombia. These results constitute a basis for decision making regarding possible urban growth zones in Andean areas that face risks from volcanic eruptions producing lahars and floods caused by glacier melt. Conservative estimates of extreme flows in the Chinchiná River in the urban growth area of El Rosario can be obtained by considering the effects of rain triggered by airborne particulate material following a volcanic explosion combined with the effects of glacier melt. The effects of global warming on tropical glaciers contribute to their retreat, leading to their disappearance. Therefore, the worst scenario would take place if these events occurred in the short term as glacier volume decreases with time.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor not assigned     

Modelling forest snow processes with a new version of WaSiM

ABSTRACT

We present a new model extension for the Water balance Simulation Model, WaSiM, which features (i) snow interception and (ii) modified meteorological conditions under coniferous forest canopies, complementing recently developed model extensions for particular mountain hydrological processes. Two study areas in Austria and Germany are considered in this study. To supplement and constrain the modelling experiments with on-site observations, a network of terrestrial time-lapse cameras was set up in one of these catchments. The spatiotemporal patterns of snow depth inside the forest and at the adjacent open field sites were recorded along with snow interception dynamics. Comparison of observed and modelled snow cover and canopy interception indicates that the new version of WaSiM reliably reconstructs the variability of snow accumulation for both the forest and the open field. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency computed for selected runoff events in spring increases from ?0.68 to 0.71 and 0.21 to 0.87, respectively.