Effect of catchment properties on runoff coefficient in a karst area of southwest China

Frequent human activities and climate change in the karst region of southwest China since the 1950s have led to the investigation of response of runoff to climate and catchment properties. Runoff coefficient (Rc) as an expression variable of the catchment response to rainfall is important to describe runoff dynamics and to estimate available streamflow for utilization. In this study, the equations of Rc associated with its attributors of climate condition and catchment property were derived using the Budyko framework. The equations were used to estimate relationship between the Rc and the attributors in the karst catchments in Guizhou province of southwest China. Analysis in the selected 23 karst catchments demonstrates that the spatial distribution of Rc is dominated by the catchment properties, such as the catchment properties of geology, slope and land use and land cover, rather than climate condition of drought index. Correlation analysis indicates that the catchment with a large slope usually has a high value of Rc, and a large proportion of carbonate rock in a catchment reduces Rc in the study area. Temporal increasing trend of Rc during 1961–2000 was found for most catchments in the study area. This increasing trend was primarily resulted from changes of catchment properties, e.g. deforestation in large areas of Guizhou province during the 1950s–1980s. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅海孔底锤击绳索取芯钻探工艺浅析

主要介绍了浅海海域锆钛砂矿勘查中采用孔底锤击绳索取芯钻探工艺的原理、注意事项并简单介绍工程实例。经实践证明该工艺具有较好的使用价值,可以推广到工程钻探中。     

杭州湾庵东浅滩现代沉积物中的生物遗迹

杭州湾庵东浅滩沉积物中发现有多种造迹生物,主要有蝼蛄、泥甲虫、宁波泥蟹、珠带拟蟹守螺、泥螺、弹涂鱼、蚂蚁和鸟类等,营造的生物遗迹主要为觅食迹、居住迹和爬行迹(爬迹、拖迹和鸟足迹)等。分析表明,浅滩不同亚环境的造迹生物及其遗迹的主要类型和分布特征具有明显的差异性: (1)在潮上带植被茂密的草滩环境中,以层面上的生物觅食迹、居住迹和鸟足迹为主,造迹生物主要有蝼蛄、泥甲虫、蚂蚁和鸟类等,其中以蝼蛄的潜穴最为丰富。(2)在高潮滩的积水泥沼环境中,有大量近海喜盐植物,生物遗迹主要有宁波泥蟹的“J”形、“W”形和“Y”形潜穴、弹涂鱼的羽状爬迹、珠带拟蟹守螺在层面上营造的弧形、圆圈状的觅食迹和“C”形的条带状生殖迹。(3)在中、低潮间带的粉砂质环境中,以层面上珠带拟蟹守螺不规则的觅食迹为主。生物遗迹的分布与浅滩沉积底质沉积物粒度与含水量等特征密切相关。本研究不仅丰富了杭州湾浅滩沉积的新遗迹学研究,而且对古代潮汐沉积及其环境研究有重要的借鉴意义。     

江南-雪峰隆起北缘海相油气富集主控因素和破坏机制

全球油气巨量富集带主要发育于被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘及大陆裂谷系中,而江南-雪峰隆起北缘具有区别于这3类的陆内坳陷斜坡带和古隆起边缘斜坡带的大地构造背景。通过对江南-雪峰隆起北缘（扬子南缘）海相油气陆内巨量富集的主控因素和破坏机制的研究,对比全球油气聚集带（区）发育的主要原因,试图建立海相油气富集和破坏的相关模式。类似于江南-雪峰隆起北缘的陆内坳陷斜坡带与古隆起边缘斜坡带的叠合斜坡带,是大陆块体内一种新的油气富集单元。通过研究,认为下寒武统和下志留统两套优质烃源岩、加里东旋回中-晚期和晚印支期-早燕山旋回早期两期良好的成藏时空匹配关系是海相油气富集的主控因素,而加里东旋回末期和晚印支期-早燕山旋回晚期两个关键破坏期,通过隆升剥蚀、断裂开启和岩浆活动等方式导致了海相油气的破坏。时空匹配的叠合斜坡带既是油气聚集的有利场所,又是油气改造的活跃区域。     

安徽宁国地区岩-土系统元素迁移及其农业地质环境效应

通过多条基岩-土壤剖面和区域性土壤地球化学样品的微量元素丰度测试,分析了宁国地区不同基岩类型地球化学元素在岩石和土壤中分布的基本特点,表明同一地层的岩-土系统在不同地点有基本相同的元素迁移规律,导致土壤中的微量元素分布特征受控于其下地质单位的空间分布,植物生长必需的微量营养元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Mo、Zn、B6种元素表现出在南华纪-寒武纪地层中向土壤强烈富集的趋势．岩-土系统元素迁移特点对宁国市天目山区重要名优特产品-山核桃的生长环境产生重要影响,该区主导性名特优产品-山核桃,应该选择南沱组、兰田组、杨柳岗组、华严寺组、西阳山组等地层出露的地段种植才能产生好的经济效益．     

黔桂边境四堡岩群中高压变质矿物的发现及其意义

分布在黔桂边境地区四堡岩群变质岩属绿片岩相,过去一直认为是低压条件下的变质产物。通过近年区调工作,用X射线粉晶衍射方法,测定泥质变质岩的白云母结晶度b0>0.9040nm,显示出高压型变质矿物———多硅白云母特征。高压变质矿物的确定,对研究该区中元古代末期Rodinia超大陆的聚合提供了佐证。     

Field Relationships, Geochemistry, Zircon Ages and Evolution of a Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic Lower Crustal Section in the Hengshan Terrain of Northern China

The Hengshan complex forms part of the central zone of the North China Craton and consists predominantly of ductilely-deformed late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic high-grade, partly migmatitic, granitoid orthogneisses, intruded by mafic dykes of gabbroic composition. Many highly strained rocks were previously misinterpreted as supracrustal sequences and represent mylonitized granitoids and sheared dykes. Our single zircon dating documents magmatic granitoid emplacement ages between 2.52 Ga and 2.48 Ga, with rare occurrences of 2.7 Ga gneisses, possibly reflecting an older basement. A few granitic gneisses have emplacement ages between 2.35 and 2.1 Ga and show the same structural features as the older rocks, indicating that the main deformation occurred after -2.1 Ga. Intrusion of gabbroic dykes occurred at -1920 Ma, and all Hengshan rocks underwent granulite-facies metamorphism at 1.88-1.85 Ga, followed by retrogression, sheafing and uplift. We interpret the Hengshan and adjacent Fuping granitoid gneisses as the lower, plutonic, part of a late Archaean to early Palaeoproterozoic Japan-type magmatic arc, with the upper, volcanic part represented by the nearby Wutai complex. Components of this arc may have evolved at a continental margin as indicated by the 2.7 Ga zircons. Major deformation and HP metamorphism occurred in the late Palaeoproterozoic during the Luliang orogeny when the Eastern and Western blocks of the North China Craton collided to form the Trans-North China orogen. Shear zones in the Hengshan are interpreted as major lower crustal discontinuities post-dating the peak of HP metamorphism, and we suggest that they formed during orogenic collapse and uplift of the Hengshan complex in the late Palaeoproterozoic （〈1.85 Ga）.     

矿产勘查中矿区地质信息系统研究

通过对矿区地质勘查工作内容的分析和对GIS的深人研究,探讨了基于GIS的矿区地质信息系统建设的目标、结构与功能、系统和数据库设计、建库和系统开发等方面的一些问题.     

贵州天鹅山下寒武统黑色岩系化学地层初步研究

华南下寒武统黑色岩系“多元素富集事件”受世人瞩目。贵州遵义天鹅山下寒武统牛蹄塘组剖面的元素地球化学测试表明,黑色岩系存在贵金属元素、稀土元素及其他微量元素的异常富集,绝大多数较上覆、下伏地层含量为高。元素地球化学特征显示,元素的来源并非地外,而是海底含矿热卤水沿深大断裂而来,“热”的来源为地内火山喷溢。黑色岩系形成时期的沉积环境为一种干燥气候的较深浅海的还原环境。据古地温判定,黑色岩系属低温成岩成矿作用。     

扬子地台北缘锰矿成矿地质特征及找矿方向研究

扬子地台北缘与秦岭褶皱系的南缘,自东向西分布着3个三级构造单元.扬子地台北缘多个拉张盆地及陆内同生盆地,对锰矿的空间分布具有重要的控制作用,形成了巴山锰矿带、南秦岭锰矿带和摩天岭锰矿带.各锰矿带在锰矿成矿地质条件等方面既具有相同之处,又具有各自的特点.文章通过对各成矿带锰矿成矿地质特征和典型矿床调查与分析研究,对锰矿成矿规律提出了一些新的认识,并对该区今后锰矿找矿方向提出了初步认识.