东南亚养虾之现况与展望

东南亚是世界虾类养殖的重心地区,而白虾已成为世界养虾中最重要的虾种.中国为世界养虾产量最多的地区.在东南亚的养虾中,白虾的产量占总产量的比例从2004年的62%增加到2006年的76%,而草虾产量占总产量的比例则从38%减少到24%.但是印度、印度尼西亚与孟加拉国等地区的草虾产量不减反增,其中以印度为最,这与当地低密度的放养方式生产的较大体形的草虾有关.美国和日本的养虾产量由于供过于求,故虾价仍缓慢下跌,若养殖业者能把握虾价较高的季节(9月至次年1月)并生产大型虾类,则养殖利润仍高,越南的草虾即为一例.文中还提及白虾超高密度养殖的成功方法,许多地区的每季白虾生产可达40t·hm<'-2>以上;淡水区白虾养殖可不必加以禁养,因其对环境的危害影响仍不明显.本文最后还提出发展虾类养殖的科研重点,以供有识者参考.     

DABS—C1柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定对虾肌肉中18种游离氨基酸

建立一种以DABS-Cl为柱前衍生剂，利用反相高效液相色谱测定对虾肌肉中18种游离氨基酸的方法。结果表明，在50min内18种氨基酸得到完全分离，各氨基酸相关系数均大于0．997，氨基酸的回收率在86．60%-107．27％之间（胱氨酸除外），方法的检出限为0．18~o．66mg／L，相对标准偏差为3．53％-8．51％（天冬氨酸除外）。     

SELENIUM REQUIREMENT OF SHRIMP PENAEUS CHINENSIS

Penaeus chinensis were reared in fibreglass tanks for the study of their selenium requirements. The shrimp were fed semipurified diets containing graded levels of selenium, and weight gains, activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenium contents in muscle and hepatopancreas were determined. Weight gain and GSH-Px activity were the highest when the shrimp were fed diet containing 20 mg/kg selenium; Good linear correlation was found between GSH-Px activities and selenium contents in the diets, and the number of healthy shrimp. The experiment showed that 20 mg/kg selenium in the diet is optimal for the shrimp and that GSH-Px activity can be an important biochemical index of the selenium nutrition status of the animal.     

A comparative study of intensive Litopenaeus vannamei culture on four bottom substrates without water change

The effect of four bottom substrates, oyster shell powder (OP), sugarcane bagasse (SB), a mixture of OP and SB (OS) and fresh soil (FS), on the water quality and bacterial and zooplankton density of intensive shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture tanks without water change and the growth performance of cultured shrimp were compared in this study. At the end of a 110 days culturing trial, the total ammonium-N (TAN) of the water on SB and the nitrite nitrogen (NO₂-N) on OS was significantly lower than that on the other substrates (P<0.05), which coincided with the high density of ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the water on SB and OS, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a) increased slowly on OP, SB and OS but remained low on FS. The density of total bacteria on OP, SB and OS was one order of magnitude higher than that on FS, and the density of zooplankton on SB and OS was significantly higher than that on FS or OP (P<0.05). The improved water quality and increased density of bacteria and zooplankton on SB and OS may have had a synergistic effect on shrimp culture, improving its growth performance (high survival rate and yield and low feed conversion rate). SB and OS were more effective for improving the growth performance of intensively cultured L. vannamei without water change than OP and FS. To our knowledge, this study presents the first evidence regarding the effect of different bottom substrates on intensive shrimp culture.     

流式细胞术检测虾类血细胞活性氧含量方法的建立

建立和优化了流式细胞术检测虾类血细胞活性氧含量的方法。以2′,7′-二氢二氯荧光黄双乙酸钠(DCFH-DA)为ROS特异探针,以斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)血细胞为材料,用流式细胞仪检测不同染料浓度和不同染料孵育时间下血细胞的荧光强度、细胞形态特征和细胞活性的变化。结果表明,利用FCM检测虾类血细胞ROS含量的适宜的染料浓度和最佳的孵育时间分别为10μmol/L和30 min。     

对虾白斑综合症病毒vp15基因的RNA干扰研究

VP15是对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)的一种核衣壳蛋白,以往的研究表明VP15属DNA结合蛋白,具有潜在的浓缩包装病毒基因组的功能.利用RNAi技术将vp15基因沉默,来研究vp15基因沉默后对WSSV增殖及结构的影响.体外合成了vp15基因的特异双链RNA(vp15-dsRNA)和非特异双链RNA(gfp-dsRNA),分别与WSSV混合共注射淡水原克氏螯虾.在感染后24、36、48 h,每个实验组分别取病虾步足肌肉,样品用Trizol试剂盒提取RNA用于RT-PCR检测、用病毒检测试剂盒提取DNA模板用于荧光定量PCR分析.另外每组随机选取1只虾,取中肠,用于树脂包埋组织超薄切片分析.逆转录PCR分析结果显示vp15-dsRNA能特异性敲除vp15基因转录表达,实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示vp15-dsRNA干扰vp15基因的表达能有效抑制WSSV病毒粒子的增值.此外,利用树脂包埋组织超薄切片电子显微镜技术观察发现vp15基因被干扰后病毒粒子数量上明显降低并且引起病毒粒子包装异常.通过vp15基因特异dsRNA干扰,有效抑制了WSSV病毒增殖,此外进一步阐明VP15蛋白的功能及其在病毒组装方面的重要作用,对进一步了解病毒组装以及病毒防治具有重要的意义.     

Selection for growth performance of tank-reared Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Seven growth-related traits were measured to assess the selection response and genetic parameters of the growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, which had been domesticated in tanks for more than four generations. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were evaluated and fitted to an animal model. Realized response was measured from the difference between the mean growth rates of selected and control families. Realized heritability was determined from the ratio of the selection responses and selection differentials. The animal model heritability estimate over generations was 0.44±0.09 for body weight (BW), and ranged from 0.21±0.08 to 0.37±0.06 for size traits. Genetic correlations of phenotypic traits were more variable (0.51–0.97), although correlations among various traits were high (>0.83). Across generations, BW and size traits increased, while selection response and heritability gradually decreased. Selection responses were 12.28%-23.35% for harvest weight and 3.58%–13.53% for size traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.34±0.09 to 0.48±0.15 for harvest weight and 0.17±0.01–0.38±0.11 for size traits. All phenotypic and genetic parameters differed between various treatments. To conclude, the results demonstrated a potential for mass selection of growth traits in L. vannamei. A breeding scheme could use this information to integrate the effectiveness constituent traits into an index to achieve genetic progress.     

Is MSC eco-labelling workable in Taiwan? Responses from various sectors of the Taiwanese sergestid shrimp fishery

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) eco-labelling is among the widely known market-based management approaches that are considered effective in solving the problem of overfishing. The approach has been applied in several marine capture fisheries worldwide; however, it was found not to be fully workable in many fisheries for various reasons. The sergestid shrimp (Sergia lucens) fishery in Tungkang County of Taiwan has been managed well in recent decades through a bottom-up community-based co-management scheme and is probably the best candidate for obtaining the first MSC certification in Taiwan. This study assessed the fishery in relation to the three principles of MSC eco-labelling and investigated responses from experts, managers, industry representatives, and consumers on improving the fishery in order to obtain the MSC certification. The results suggested that three major problems confronted the fishery: (1) the fishery was unlikely to meet the MSC standards unless it could reduce its high bycatch rate; (2) the economic and/or political benefits were not attractive enough to the relevant sectors for them to cover the high costs and responsibility of obtaining and maintaining the MSC certification; and (3) the fishery was reputed to be well managed without any eco-label, suggesting no strong incentive to obtain one from a management perspective. The benefits of MSC eco-labelling could be consolidated, however, and the role of government was crucial in this regard.     

凡纳滨对虾“眼柄-促雄性腺-精巢”内分泌轴调控精巢发育的分子机制研究

位于甲壳动物眼柄的神经内分泌器官在调控甲壳动物的繁殖过程中发挥着重要作用。已有证据表明“眼柄-促雄性腺-精巢”内分泌轴调控十足目雄性甲壳动物精巢的发育,但是该过程的分子机制仍不清楚。本研究以凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）为实验对象,研究了切除雄性对虾的单侧眼柄对促雄性腺内胰岛素样促雄性腺素基因（LvIAG）和精巢内基因表达的影响。结果表明,切除单侧眼柄后,LvIAG基因的表达明显上调;比较了眼柄切除前后对虾精巢的转录组数据,共有267个基因的表达量出现明显变化。对精巢内差异表达基因进行功能分析发现,多个参与性腺发育和内分泌调控的基因发生表达上调,如Doublesex（Dsx）、保幼激素环氧水解酶（juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase,JHEH）、细胞色素P450酶系基因以及泛素化系统相关基因等。对差异表达基因进行荧光定量PCR验证,结果与转录组结果一致,证实了转录组结果的可靠性。研究结果表明,对虾眼柄调控精巢的发育很可能是通过影响促雄性腺中LvIAG的表达,进而调控精巢内Dsx、JHEH、内分泌及泛素化系统相关基因的表达实现的。研究结果对深入理解甲壳动物精巢发育的分子调控机制提供了重要依据,对甲壳动物的人工繁育也具有重要指导意义。