Studies of Oxidant Production at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in Summer and Winter Conditions

Detailed studies have been made of the behaviour of gases and radicals involved in the production of oxidants at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in both summertime and wintertime conditions. In June 1995 the range of meteorological conditions experienced varied such that ozone destruction was observed in clean northerly air flows reaching Weybourne down the North Sea from the Arctic, and ozone production was observed in varying degrees in air with different loadings of nitrogen oxides and other precursors. The transition point for ozone destruction to ozone production occurred at a nitric oxide concentration of the order of 50 pptv. Plumes of polluted air from various urban areas in the U.K. were experienced in the June campaign at Weybourne. Quantitative studies of ozone production in a plume from the Birmingham conurbation on 18 June 1995 showed that the measurement of ozone production agreed well with calculated production rates from the product of the nitric oxide and peroxy radical concentrations (r2=0.9). In wintertime conditions (October–November 1994) evidence was also found for oxidant production, defined as the sum of O3+NO2. At this time of year the peroxy radical concentrations (RO2) were much lower than observed in the summertime and the nitric oxide (NO) was much higher. There was still sufficient RO2 during the day, however, for a slow accumulation of oxidant. Confirmatory evidence for this comes from the diurnal co-variance of (O3+NO2) with PAN, an excellent tracer of tropospheric photochemistry. The same type of covariance occurs in summer between PAN and ozone. The results obtained in these series of measurements are pertinent to understanding the measures necessary to control production of regional photochemical air pollution, and to the production of ozone throughout the northern hemisphere in winter.     

华中地区几种土壤铁锰胶膜及其基质中某些元素的地球化学特点

通过对华北地区几种土壤和胶膜中某些性质及元素的相关分析和因子分析。比较了铁锰胶膜和基质土壤的性质及元素含量之间的关系。研究表明，（1）铁锰胶膜的pH值，粘粒含量，K2O,Na2O,MnO2，非晶质铁，铁的活化度，微量元素等的含量均比基质土壤的高，且差异显著；（2）铁锰胶膜富集重金属元素，Co,Ni,Cu和Zn等元素主要富集于胶膜的氧化锰矿物中，而Pb主要富集在氧化铁矿物中；（3）Mg在铁锰胶膜的形成过程中进一步淋溶，以致含量减少。     

流动注射－催化光度法测定痕量锰

在非离子表面活性剂吐温－８０存在的Ｈ３ＰＯ４介质中，Ｍｎ２＋对Ｖ（Ｖ）氧化二安替比林苯乙烯甲烷（ＤＡＶＰＭ）成红色化合物的反应具有较强的催化作用，基于此采用流动注射－催化光度法测定了痕量Ｍｎ２＋，该方法的检测波长为５５５ｎｍ，检出限为０．０２μｇ／ＬＭｎ，线性范围为０．０２～６μｇ／ＬＭｎ，进样频率为６０次／ｈ对５μｇ／ＬＭｎ进行１０次测定的相对标准偏差为１．８％。经环境标准样品分析验证方法可行并已用于水样中痕量Ｍｎ２＋的测定。     

Comparison of Internal Structures of Marine Manganese Deposits of Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Origins

Abstract: Detailed microscopic observation, combined with X-ray diffraction and EPMA analyses of samples from marine manganese deposits of three different origins, suggests that characteristic internal structures are inherent in each manganse mineral; vernadite (δ–MnO₂), buserite (10Å–manganate) and todorokite (10Å–manganate).     

新疆阿克陶县玛尔坎苏一带锰矿石矿物特征及矿床成因浅析

新疆玛尔坎苏一带锰矿赋存于上石炭统喀拉阿特河组地层中,锰矿层呈层状、似层状产出,顶底板均为泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩。矿层产状与地层产状一致,明显受层位控制,延伸较为稳定。锰矿品位比较高,局部富集品位高达50%以上,通过X衍射、电子探针等实验方法对锰矿石矿物成分分析,推测矿床为海相沉积成因,且经后期热液多次改造用作影响。     

表生钾锰矿物~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学及其古气候意义

红土型风化壳和次生锰矿床形成于温暖和潮湿的古气候条件 ,其中含有丰富的表生钾锰矿物。因此 ,对表生钾锰矿物进行精确的40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ,不仅能查明大陆化学风化和矿床次生富集的时间和过程 ,而且可以为区域古气候的反演提供重要的年代学资料。透射电子显微镜、热重分析、离子交换实验和40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素分析表明 ,层状结构的黑锌锰矿、锂锰矿和钠水锰矿以及具有 1× 1隧道结构的软锰矿不适合于40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ;而隐钾锰矿、锰钡矿和锰铅矿因具有致密和稳定的 2× 2隧道结构及很强的保存K Ar体系的能力 ,是40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素定年的理想对象。硬锰矿和钙锰矿分别具有 2× 3和 3× 3隧道结构 ,由于隧道孔径过大 ,晶体结构的稳定性较差 ,其作为40Ar/ 3 9Ar测年的适用性有待于进一步证实。采用精细的激光阶段加热技术 ,可以有效克服表生钾锰矿物40 Ar/ 3 9Ar测年过程中3 9ArK 的反冲损失、多世代表生钾锰矿物的共生 ,以及表生钾锰矿物中原生矿物的污染和过量大气氩的存在等问题 ,并获得有意义的风化年龄。已有数据表明 ,表生钾锰矿物的形成主要集中在白垩纪末期、始新世末期—渐新世早期、中新世和上新世中期等 4个时期 ,可能记录了地史时期周期性的化学风化及气候的交替演变     

锰的氧化物和氢氧化物在污染水体净化中的应用研究现状

经过对锰的氧化物和氢氧化物在净化污染水体中的应用综合研究，发现该氧化物和氢氧化物样品能有效去除污染水体中的有毒有害金属离子和 氧化降解苯酚、2－丙醇、苯及印染废水等有机物，其污染净化能力主要是基于表面络合反应、表面离子交换作用和变价元素的氧化还原作用。同时介绍了锰氧化物和氢氧化物所具有的4个环境属性；离子交换、氧化还原、粒径效应和孔道效应，提出将结构特征与环境化学有机结合，深入探讨其环境属性与污染净化能力之间的关系是目前主要的研究方向。     

DEPAQ分光光度法测定茶叶中微量锰

本研究了５－（４－二乙氨基苯偶氮）－８－羟基喹啉（ＤＥＰＡＱ）与锰（Ⅱ）的显色反应，在斐了子型面表面活性剂ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００存在下，ｐＨ８．５的缓冲介质中，锰（Ⅱ）与ＤＥＰＡＱ形成１：２的红色配合物，最大吸收波长为５３０ｎｍ，表现摩尔吸光系数ε＝７．３×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，锰量在０～２０μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围符合比尔定律，试验了常见阴阳离子的干扰情况，本法用于茶叶微量锰的测定，     

Seasonality of diel cycles of dissolved trace-metal concentrations in a Rocky Mountain stream

Substantial diel (24-h) cycles in dissolved (0.1-m filtration) metal concentrations were observed during summer low flow, winter low flow, and snowmelt runoff in Prickly Pear Creek, Montana. During seven diel sampling episodes lasting 34–61.5 h, dissolved Mn and Zn concentrations increased from afternoon minimum values to maximum values shortly after sunrise. Dissolved As concentrations exhibited the inverse timing. The magnitude of diel concentration increases varied in the range 17–152% for Mn and 70–500% for Zn. Diel increases of As concentrations (17–55%) were less variable. The timing of minimum and maximum values of diel streamflow cycles was inconsistent among sampling episodes and had little relation to the timing of metal concentration cycles, suggesting that geochemical rather than hydrological processes are the primary control of diel metal cycles. Diel cycles of dissolved metal concentrations should be assumed to occur at any time of year in any stream with dissolved metals and neutral to alkaline pH.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.     

“巫山黄土”氧化物地球化学特征与古气候记录

根据73个"巫山黄土"样品的氧化物测试结果,对"巫山黄土"氧化物地球化学特征和记录的古气候特征进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:(1)"巫山黄土"主要的化学成分为SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3,(SiO2+A12O3+Fe2O3)的平均含量大于洛川黄土和甘孜黄土,与洛川古土壤接近,小于安徽宣城风积红土和镇江下蜀土;(2)"巫山黄土"SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、TiO2含量具有随深度逐渐减少,而FeO、CaO、Na2O、P2O5含量则呈现逐渐增多的特点;(3)巫山剖面Fe3+/Fe2+比值变化曲线与全铁含量曲线显示明显的正相关,而与SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)曲线呈反相关;(4)"巫山黄土"的残积系数和风化指数由老到新其量值逐渐变小,而退碱系数的量值却是逐渐变大的;(5)"巫山黄土"堆积时该区古气候总体上较北方黄土堆积时要偏暖湿,沉积物遭受的淋溶及氧化作用强度与洛川古土壤相当,明显强于北方洛川黄土和川西的甘孜黄土,但较安徽的宣称风尘红土和镇江下蜀土要弱。剖面中沉积介质的酸度由下向上逐渐减弱,碱度加强,表生带所遭受的风化作用强度愈来愈弱,风尘堆积的沉积环境则由开始的较为偏湿润逐渐向偏干凉方向发展。(6)"巫山黄土"堆积时期古气候演变还具有阶段性特点,以剖面6～6.5 m为界可分为上下两段,下段古气候总体较上段偏温湿,气候冷(干)暖(湿)波动频繁、波动幅度较大,而上段古气候相对较为干冷,气候比较稳定,波动幅度也较小。