Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity

Introduction A lot of results have been achieved on the study of crust and upper mantle structure in Chinese mainland by the surface wave dispersion. The seismometer can be classified into three types based on the development from the analog to digital instrument. FENG, et al (1981) measured the dispersion curves of group and phase velocity along 28 paths, with 19 earthquakes recorded by 15 base analog seismic stations, subdivided the Chinese mainland into 5 blocks and obtained the average c…     

Successive hydration and dehydration of high-P mafic granofels involving clinopyroxene–kyanite symplectites, Mt Daniel, Fiordland, New Zealand

Three texturally distinct symplectites occur in mafic granofels of the Arthur River Complex at MtDaniel, Fiordland, New Zealand. These include symplectic intergrowths of clinopyroxene and kyanite, described here for the first time. Pods of mafic granofels occur within the contact aureole of the Early Cretaceous Western Fiordland Orthogneiss batholith. The pods have cores formed entirely of garnet and clinopyroxene, and rims of pseudomorphous coarse‐grained symplectic intergrowths of hornblende and clinozoisite that reflect hydration at moderate to high‐P. These hornfelsic rocks are enveloped by a hornblende–clinozoisite gneissic foliation (S1). Narrow garnet reaction zones, in which hornblende and clinozoisite are replaced by garnet–clinopyroxene assemblages, developed adjacent to fractures and veins that cut S1. Fine‐grained symplectic intergrowths of (1) clinopyroxene and kyanite and (2) clinozoisite, quartz, kyanite and plagioclase form part of the garnet reaction zones and partially replace coarse‐grained S1 hornblende and clinozoisite. The development of the garnet reaction zones and symplectites was promoted by dehydration most probably following cooling of the contact aureole. Maps of oxide weight percent and cation proportions, calculated by performing matrix corrections on maps of X‐ray intensities, are used to study the microstructure of the symplectites.     

地壳波浪运动机制探讨

讨论了地壳波浪运动形成的机制及其效应 ,并为地壳波浪状镶嵌构造学说提供了初步的数理模型和理论依据。     

P-wave velocity structure in the crust and the uppermost mantle of Chao Lake region of the Tan-Lu Fault inferred from teleseismic arrival time tomography

Chao Lake is a Geoheritage site on the active Tan-Lu Fault between the Yangtze craton, the North China craton, and the Dabie orogenic belt in the southeast. This segment of the fault is not well constrained at depth partly due to the overprinting of the fault zone by intrusive materials and its relatively low seismic activity and sparse seismic station coverage. This study took advantage of a dense seismic array deployed around Chao Lake to delineate the P-wave velocity variations in the crust and uppermost mantle using teleseismic earthquake arrival time tomography. The station-pair double-difference with waveform cross-correlation technique was employed. We used a multiscale resolution 3-D initial model derived from the combination of high-resolution 3-D v_S models within the region of interest to account for the lateral heterogeneity in the upper crust. The results revealed that the velocity of the upper crust is segmented with structures trending in the direction of the strike of the fault. Sedimentary basins are delineated on both sides of the fault with slow velocities, while the fault zone is characterized by high velocity in the crust and uppermost mantle. The high-velocity structure in the fault zone shows characteristics of magma intrusion that may be connected to the Mesozoic magmatism in and around the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (MLYMB), implying that the Tan-Lu fault might have formed a channel for magma intrusion. Magmatic material in Chao Lake is likely connected to the partial melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization of the uppermost mantle and the lower crustal rocks. The intrusions, however, seem to have suffered severe regional extension along the Tan-Lu fault driven by the eastward Paleo-Pacific plate subduction, thereby losing its deep trail due to extensional erosion.     

西秦岭甘青交界一带晚三叠世火山岩岩石成因及构造指示意义

西秦岭甘肃、青海交界一带中生代火山岩较为发育,火山岩组成以安山质、流纹质为主,均为高钾钙碱性火山岩,主、微量元素含量变化较大。SiO2的质量分数为5667%～7817%,平均6978%, Al2O3含量较高(1277%～1729%,平均1464%)。TiO2含量少(002％～075%,平均022%),Na2O/K2O比值较小(003％～268%,平均065%)。轻稀土元素中等富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,稀土元素配分曲线明显右倾,具Eu负异常。安山质火山岩与流纹质火山岩稀土元素球粒陨石配分曲线中重稀土型式明显不同,暗示二者来自不同的源区。微量元素中P、Nb、Ti、Ta等高场强元素(HFS)相对亏损,Th、 Ba、K、Rb等大离子亲石元素相对富集。研究区安山岩LA ICP MS锆石U Pb同位素定年结果为(236±12)Ma,代表了火山岩的喷发年龄。它们形成于隆务峡蛇绿岩洋壳向南俯冲的活动大陆边缘弧环境,为俯冲洋壳在地幔深部发生高程度部分熔融作用的产物,并在上升过程中受到陆壳物质作用。在岩浆演化过程受部分熔融和分异结晶作用的控制,但安山质火山岩主要受控于分异结晶作用,而流纹质火山岩受部分熔融作用较大。     

太行山南缘王莽岭地区风化壳的地球化学特征与夷平面形成环境

通过野外考察、室内测试分析及区域对比,对王莽岭地区风化壳的特征与夷平面的形成环境进行探讨。从地貌学、古岩溶、风化壳等方面验证了王莽岭地区存在一级夷平面(1 400~1600 m)和一级古宽谷—山麓面(800~1100m)。通过对风化壳的地球化学测试分析,认为夷平面形成于湿热的气候环境,其上风化壳脱硅富铝化作用明显,但仍属于中等发育程度;古宽谷—山麓面形成于暖湿的气候环境,其上风化壳脱硅富铝化作用不强,发育程度为中等偏弱。最后,通过区域综合对比,初步推断夷平面是形成于渐新世的太行期夷平面,古宽谷—山麓面是形成于上新世的唐县期古宽谷—山麓面。     

西昆仑玛尔坎苏地区奥尔托喀讷什大型碳酸锰矿床地质特征及成因探讨

西昆仑造山带北段玛尔坎苏地区石炭纪沉积岩系中探明一大型碳酸锰成矿带,是中国北方近年最重要的锰矿找矿新发现。该锰矿带层位稳定,厚度较大,且品位富。奥尔托喀讷什锰矿是该锰矿带规模最大、最具代表性的矿床。区域和矿床地质系统研究表明,奥尔托喀讷什锰矿属典型的海相沉积型碳酸锰矿床。该锰矿的形成可能与伸展背景的弧后盆地沉积—海底热液活动系统有关,浅海陆棚环境中的局部洼地是沉积锰矿形成的最有利地段;推测该碳酸锰矿床是成岩过程中由原始沉积的锰氧化物经有机质还原而形成,且微生物参与该成矿过程;后期构造作用使矿体与顶底板围岩发生了明显的滑脱,沿滑脱碎裂面发育热液方解石脉,同时形成锰硅酸盐矿物。     

新疆祁漫塔格维宝矿区西北部花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

维宝铜铅锌多金属矿床位于青海与新疆两省区交界处的若羌县境内,是近年来在新疆祁漫塔格地区新发现的具有大型远景规模的多金属矿床,本文对该矿床西北部含暗色包体花岗闪长岩开展了SIMS高精度锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究,结果表明该花岗闪长岩含有角闪石特征矿物,SiO2含量为60.74%~61.34%,K2O含量为3.01%~3.20%,A/CNK值为0.89~0.94,属于准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩;在球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分图上表现为右倾式,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.56~0.59),微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和Th,明显亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Ti等为特征。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长岩结晶年龄为227.6±2.3 Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.02),形成于晚三叠世,是东昆仑祁漫塔格地区中—晚三叠世大规模中酸性岩浆侵入作用的产物。借助元素判别图解,结合矿床地质特征和区域构造演化特点,认为维宝矿区西北部花岗闪长岩形成的构造环境为后碰撞演化阶段,很可能是与深部壳幔混染有关的变火成岩部分熔融的产物。     

Microstratigraphy of a Miocene layered phosphatic pebble from the western margin of South Africa

Detailed microstratigraphy and geochemistry of a single‐layered phosphatic pebble from the Southern Rocky Plateau at the Head of the Cape Canyon on the western margin of South Africa are utilized to reveal a complex interplay between deposition, erosion and authigenesis in the Miocene. The phosphatic pebble has three micrite and carbonate fluorapatite cemented layers separated by Fe‐rich hardground surfaces. The layers contain a diverse grain assemblage of reworked glauconite, phosphorite, detrital quartz and biogenic carbonate. Overlapping Sr‐isotope derived ages of point‐drilled samples from the three layers range from 19·1 to 17·6 Ma, although a single point near the outer edge of the uppermost layer has a Sr age of 12·8 to 10·4 Ma, and a reworked bivalve shell fragment from the middle layer has a Sr age of 26·3 to 24·6 Ma. The microstratigraphy of the phosphatic pebble provides evidence of multiple Baturin cycles, where periods of deposition and carbonate fluorapatite authigenesis are followed by reworking, erosion and precipitation of iron oxide hardground surfaces. The condensed microstratigraphy of the pebble is consistent with the regional depositional history of the area and indicates significant fluctuations in the depositional environment related to changes in sea‐level, sediment supply and upwelling along the western margin of southern Africa during the early to middle Miocene.     

手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定富钴结壳样品中锰铁钴镍铜锌

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪可以快速进行多元素实时分析,在富钴结壳资源勘查中有广阔的应用前景,但是现有仪器的分辨率和稳定性有待进一步提高,特别是现场原位分析法的应用有待研究。本文针对富钴结壳中目标元素含量相对较高的特点,采用松散粉末法制样,建立了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪快速测定太平洋富钴结壳样品中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的分析方法。该方法用多金属结核和富钴结壳国家标准物质进行验证,测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.2%~3.0%之间,测定值与标准值的相对误差为92.9%~107.6%。样品现场分析和实验室分析的数据对比表明,除了低含量Cu略有超差外,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn和品位均无超差,完全满足该类矿产资源勘查规程的要求。本法简单、高效,适用于对野外富钴结壳资源作出快速的初步评价。