前寒武纪地球演化的主要地质特征及可能模式

前寒武纪地壳以其独特的岩石组合以及构造类型在地球演化的进程中扮演着举足轻重的作用,本文简要描述了前寒武纪地球演化中的特殊地质现象,并讨论其蕴涵的地球演化的可能的因果联系和时空关系。针对前寒武纪地球演化研究中的焦点问题,本文对可能模型的优缺点进行了一一论述。前寒武纪一级构造模式可能经历了由垂直方向运动为主的地幔柱模式向由水平方向运动为主的板块构造模式的转变。对于前寒武纪板块运动存在的检验,硬玉和红宝石则是很好的板块构造指示矿物。根据太古宙克拉通与元古宙克拉通之间的几何关系与时空演变的联系,笔者等认为2.4~2.2Ga很有可能是前寒武纪构造模式发生转折的关键期。其间发生的全球冰期事件和超级大陆的形成并无很强的相关性,但与海平面的高低直接相关,这很有可能是大洋块体俯冲下沉至地幔引起海水"倒灌"所致。此后,地球表壳岩的刚性特征即发生了变化。     

Stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary basin induced by mantle diapiric upwelling and eustatic event

The stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary basin provides important constraints on the rheological structure of the upper mantle and the crust, eustatic events and tectonic movements. In this study, we examined the convective coupling between the uppermost mantle and ductile lower crust as a formation mechanism of sedimentary basins. In this mechanism, the lower crust is squeezed by the upper mantle flow associated with mantle diapiric upwelling, resulting in the surface subsidence and formation of sedimentary basin. We investigated the stratigraphic architecture by taking into account the horizontal migration of the upwelling in time and spatial domains. The sedimentary basin is characterized by both the thickness and formation period for its gross feature and the sequence stratigraphy. The decay of the upwelling causes the surface uplift, and some parts of sediments deposited during the surface subsidence are consequently eroded. The subsidence area moves as the activity of upwelling horizontally migrates, resulting in the formation of unconformity for the uplifted and eroded area over the previous upwelling. We also incorporated the effects of third order eustasy, with amplitude of 100 m and period of 1 Myr, into convective coupling model. An application of our model to Karatsu-Sasebo coalfield in the Tertiary of the northwest Kyushu, Japan, indicates that the stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary basin including two effects, i.e. convective coupling and eustasy, may provide important information about the viscosity structure of the lower crust and uppermost mantle and spatio-temporal growth and decay histories of the mantle diapiric upwelling.     

新疆祁漫塔格维宝矿区西北部花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

维宝铜铅锌多金属矿床位于青海与新疆两省区交界处的若羌县境内,是近年来在新疆祁漫塔格地区新发现的具有大型远景规模的多金属矿床,本文对该矿床西北部含暗色包体花岗闪长岩开展了SIMS高精度锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究,结果表明该花岗闪长岩含有角闪石特征矿物,SiO2含量为60.74%~61.34%,K2O含量为3.01%~3.20%,A/CNK值为0.89~0.94,属于准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩;在球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分图上表现为右倾式,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.56~0.59),微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和Th,明显亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Ti等为特征。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长岩结晶年龄为227.6±2.3 Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.02),形成于晚三叠世,是东昆仑祁漫塔格地区中—晚三叠世大规模中酸性岩浆侵入作用的产物。借助元素判别图解,结合矿床地质特征和区域构造演化特点,认为维宝矿区西北部花岗闪长岩形成的构造环境为后碰撞演化阶段,很可能是与深部壳幔混染有关的变火成岩部分熔融的产物。     

上部地壳岩石变形与方解石质岩石的低温流动

系统总结了上部地壳环境中方解石质岩石的浅成流动机制与低温糜棱岩成因研究的几个重要方面：（１）地壳岩石脆－韧性转变域与岩石变形机制;（２）变形作用过程中流体相的物理与化学意义;（３）方解石质岩石的流动机制、变形特点与蠕变规律。同时讨论了对于地壳浅部层次方解石质石流主变学研究中存在的主要问题以及解决这些问题的基本思路与科学意义。     

电解二氧化锰制备条件与晶体结构及电气性能的关系Ⅱ．不同电解液体系的影响

在MnSO4-H2SO4和MnCl2-HCl电解液体系中分别制备出电解二氧化锰（EMD），并在该二电解液中制备出掺杂MnO2样品，而后用X射线衍射确定其晶型为MnO2-γ，用扫描电镜观察其表面形貌，用XPS研究掺钛EMD表层物种，用模拟电池在实验室中快速检测掺杂样品的电性能，进而探讨了不同电解液体系中制备所得MnO2与其晶体结构及电气性能的关系。     

广域电磁法三维反演在青海三通沟北锰矿勘查中的应用

青海三通沟北海相沉积型锰矿区为实现深部找矿突破和扩大矿体规模,投入了广域电磁法和音频大地电磁法等物探工作,现阶段的生产实践仍是以一维、二维反演为主进行地质成果的解译,这就有可能导致反演结果与实际地质情况的近似程度不够,将直接影响到后续找矿效果。以广域电磁法三维反演成果为基础并结合已知地质和钻孔数据对矿区大地构造特征、地层及岩体深部埋藏情况、含矿岩系的深部电性特征等进行描述,研究认为: 三维反演模型显示矿区沉积中心尚未遭受侵入岩体的完全破坏,具有沿走向保存完整、在深部厚度大的特点,且其核心部位存在多处具含锰矿岩系高低阻相间分布的特征层位,因此具有很好的深部找矿潜力。     

首都圈东南部地区地壳介质各向异性

基于首都圈地震台网2002——2005年的区域地震波形数据,采用剪切波分裂系统分析方法（SAM）, 计算得到首都圈东南部地区(38.5deg;N——39.85deg;N,115.5deg;E——118.5deg;E)24个台站的剪切波分裂参数. 结果表明,首都圈东南部地区快剪切波平均偏振方向与区域最大主压应力方向相近,与华北地区GPS主压应变测量结果一致;但首都圈东南部盆地地区的剪切波分裂观测结果与首都圈西北部的隆起——盆地构造结合区的观测结果不同. 这说明了不同的构造对观测结果具有一定的影响. 研究还表明,台站附近的断层分布状态对观测结果影响很大,复杂的断层分布会加剧剪切波分裂测量结果的离散程度. 本研究区域南部台站与北部台站的快剪切波偏振方向存在较大差异,这可能与该区南北部的构造及应力环境存在较大差异有关.       

Sr–Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the infrastructural rocks in the Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Evidence for involvement of pre-Neoproterozoic crust in the growth of Arabian–Nubian Shield

Abstract Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes are large swells in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprising two major tectono‐stratigraphic units or tiers. The lower (infrastructure) unit is composed of variably cataclased gneissose granites and high‐grade gneisses and schists. It is structurally overlain by Pan–African ophiolitic mélange nappes (the higher unit). The two units are separated by a low‐angle sole thrust, along which mylonites are developed. Major and trace element data indicate formation of the gneissose granites in both volcanic arc and within‐plate settings. Nevertheless, all analyzed gneissose granites and other infrastructural rocks, exhibit low initial ratios (Sr_i) (<0.7027), positive ε_Nd(t) (+4.9 to +10.3) and Neoproterozoic Nd model age (T_DM) (592–831 Ma for the gneissose granite samples). Although these values are compatible with other parts of the Arabian– Nubian Shield considered to be juvenile, the ε_Nd(t) values and several incompatible element ratios of the gneissose granites are too low to be derived from a mantle source without contribution from an older continental crust. Our geological, Sr–Nd isotopic and chemical data combined with the published zircon ages indicate the existence of a pre‐Neoproterozoic continent in the Eastern Desert that started to break up at ca 800 Ma. Rifting and subsequent events caused the formation of oceanic crust and emplacement within‐plate alkali basalts in the hinterland domains of the old continent. The emplacement of basaltic magma might have triggered melting of lower crust in the old continent and resulted in emplacement of the within‐plate granite masses between 700 Ma and 626 Ma. The granite masses and other rocks in the old continent have been subjected to deformation during the over‐thrusting of Pan–African nappes, probably because of the oblique convergence between East and West Gondwanaland. Rb–Sr isotopes of the gneissose granites in both Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes defines an isochron age of 619 ± 25 Ma with Sr_i of 0.7009 ± 0.0017 and mean squares of weighted deviates = 2.0. We interpret this age as the date of thrusting of the Pan–African nappes in the Eastern Desert. Continued oblique convergence between East and West Gondwanaland could have resulted in the formation northwest–southeast‐trending Meatiq and Hafafit anticlinoriums.     

罗布泊耳轮区现代盐壳单元特征及其环境意义

通过对罗布泊"大耳朵"干盐湖区5个区的盐壳单元土的地球化学特征、粒度及磁学特性的研究,结果表明:(1)罗布泊"大耳朵"干盐湖区盐壳易溶性盐组分含量变化较大,总盐含量从高到低依次为LBVI >LBVⅡ >LBVⅢ >LBIX >LBV,新盐壳单元含盐量略高于老盐壳单元含盐量(除LBV外),且易溶性盐主要为Na⁺和K⁺-Cl^- -SO₄^2-型;pH值均 >7,表明均处于偏碱性环境中;TOC含量在1.19%~1.21%之间,且各盐壳单元之间差异不显著。(2)新老盐壳单元样品粒度组分均以粉砂(2~63μm)含量为主,平均含量达到80.52%,且老盐壳单元中粗砂和中砂含量明显高于新盐壳单元。(3)各样品间磁化率值差异不显著,平均值为3.7×10^-6 m³·kg^-1,呈现出由耳轮区中心依次向外逐渐升高的趋势,且样品中的磁性矿物主要以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主。(4)总盐含量与pH、TOC呈正相关,与磁化率、粉砂呈负相关。综合表明,此时期罗布泊气候已趋向干旱化发展。     

昆仑古特提斯构造转换与镍钴锰锂关键矿产成矿作用研究

【研究目的】 特提斯构造域研究愈来愈显示为原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯三分的特点,其中古特提斯洋的形成演化及其成矿作用的研究较为薄弱。【研究方法】 本文根据东昆仑夏日哈木早泥盆世超大型镍钴硫化物矿床、帕米尔玛尔坎苏晚石炭世大型火山源沉积型富锰矿和西昆仑大红柳滩晚三叠世大型伟晶岩型锂铍矿床发现事实,将它们成矿的构造地质背景演化作为主线关联起来研究,提出它们分别代表了古特提斯裂解、大洋扩张和闭合后碰撞构造转换结果的认识。【研究结果】 认为与古亚洲洋同期的原特提斯洋于志留纪末碰撞闭合后,在冈瓦纳大陆北缘由于地幔柱作用改造的软流圈发生部分熔融而裂解,形成了以夏日哈木与裂解背景幔源镁铁—超镁铁岩有关的超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床;随着进一步扩张,在早石炭世形成了古特提斯成熟大洋,由于大洋中脊喷发提供的成矿物质,在晚石炭纪随着大洋快速扩张向消减的转换,洋底碳酸盐岩沉积中形成了玛尔坎苏大型富菱锰矿矿床;古特提斯洋闭合后于中三叠世进入碰撞造山阶段,于晚三叠世后碰撞阶段地壳重熔形成的S型花岗岩高温热液流体,并造就了大红柳滩大型伟晶岩型锂铍矿床。早晚古生代之交是古特提斯洋裂解的开始,此时秦祁昆洋为代表的原特提斯主洋已经闭合,作为原特提斯洋弧后盆地的古亚洲洋尽管尚未闭合,但夏日哈木镍钴矿床则是原特提斯造山后陆壳再次裂解的产物,并非形成于原特提斯洋岛弧或后碰撞的环境;锰是亲石元素,岩浆作用中不富集,而在外生沉积作用中富集,说明古特提斯早石炭世新生洋壳是富锰的,淋滤出的锰离子在晚石炭世相对宁静洋底深处碱性环境中形成沉积型碳酸锰矿,代表了较为强烈的岩浆作用阶段向相对宁静的沉积环境的转换;大红柳滩S型花岗岩基及其大规模伟晶岩型锂铍矿的产出,则反映了强烈的碰撞造山作用导致的地壳重熔的地球动力学背景,应是古特提斯洋缝合造山后或后碰撞伸展的环境。【结论】 就已有的成矿事实,东昆仑康西瓦—阿尼玛卿古特提斯缝合带与南部巴颜喀拉的西金乌兰—金沙江和羌塘的龙木错—双湖古特提斯缝合带相比,更富有地质意义。