马粪海胆卵巢发育周年变化研究

利用光镜和电镜观察研究了马粪海胆（Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus）卵巢组织的周年变化，同时逐月测定了海胆的生殖腺指数。在此基础上将生殖腺的发育周期划分为五期：恢复期、生长期、成熟前期、成熟期、排放后期。实验结果表明，青岛近岸马粪海胆的产卵期为4～6月。     

Monitoring a Marine Coastal Area: Use of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus as Bioindicators

Abstract. Samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus were collected in eight coastal sites along the South Adriatic and Ionic coasts of Italy in spring 2000 for a survey of coastal pollution in the Mediterranean basin. Specimens were analysed using an integrated approach based on residue analysis of common aquatic pollutants like organochlorines such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals and nonylphenols (NPnE) and biomarker responses such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the two specific P450 activities benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (BPMO) and 7-ethoxyre-sorufin-(9-deethylase (EROD). Biological and morphological parameters like somatic liver index (SLI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal and gamete histology (eggs and sperms) were also evaluated in red mullet samples. A contamination gradient in which several hot spots occur were revealed in this study. The hot spots account for high levels of organochlorines in both species near incinerators and of PAHs in harbour areas. Levels of both NPnE and AChE activity were highest in two protected marine areas and were within detectable limits in others. This finding was confirmed by P450 activities, in which maximum levels were detected in harbours and protected marine areas. No morphological alterations of male and female gonads were observed on the histological level.     

海湾扇贝性腺发育的生物学零度

采用数理统计的方法，对１９９１～１９９２年海湾扇贝控温促熟实验的有关数据进行分析。得到海湾扇贝在青岛地区性腺发育的生物学零度为６．６℃，产卵的有效积温为１７８．９℃。     

牙鲆gnrh基因的表达分析

本文通过qPCR方法,研究了我国重要海水鱼类——牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）雌、雄成体组织以及性腺分化期的脑、性腺中gnrh1、gnrh2和gnrh3的表达水平。结果显示,gnrh1分布于所有检测的组织：在脑、垂体、肾脏和肝脏中高表达,在性腺中表达相对较低;gnrh2则在雌、雄性的肝脏以及雄性的肠、肾脏、眼睛和头肾中;而gnrh3只在雄性的肾脏、眼睛和肌肉中检测到微弱表达。人工诱导的牙鲆雌核发育鱼苗分别用17β-雌二醇（E₂）和17α-甲基睾酮（MT）处理,使其分化为雌性或雄性个体表型。在性腺分化期的脑中,gnrh1的表达呈现上升趋势,在全长（total length,TL）4 cm鱼苗中,E₂组的表达显著高于MT组（P<0.05）;gnrh2在2 cm TL时E₂组显著高于MT组（P<0.05）,随后在E₂和对照组的表达水平均出现下降趋势;gnrh3在2 cm TL时E₂和对照组的表达均显著高于MT组（P<0.05）,自6 cm TL时MT和E₂组的表达开始下降。在性腺中,三种gnrh在性腺分化前2 cm TL表达量都相对较高,随后呈现下降趋势。综上,推测牙鲆gnrh1可能参与了性腺分化的启动、分化过程及性腺发育,gnrh2主要参与了性腺分化的启动,gnrh3主要参与了性腺分化的启动和分化过程。     

Phenotypic correlations of somatic and gonad traits of sea urchins Glyptocidaris crenularis in two sampled periods: first insight into its breeding and aquaculture

Prior knowledge of the correlations among commercially important traits in Glyptocidaris crenularis can be used to guide development of breeding and aquaculture programs for this species. We evaluated the phenotypic correlations between somatic and gonadal traits in G. crenularis during two sample periods （October 2010 and April 2011）. The coefficients of variation （CV%） for body weight （BW）, redness （a＊）, yellowness （b＊）, gonad wet weight （GW）, and gonad index （GI） were 〉20% in both periods, while those of other traits were very low. GW was significantly correlated with somatic traits （diameter, height, and body weight） in both periods, although the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.473 to 0.636 （P〈0.01）. Gonad moisture content （GC）, a＊, and lightness （L＊） were not significantly correlated with somatic traits （P〉0.05）. The color trait b＊ was negatively correlated with somatic traits （test diameter, test height, and body weight） during the period when the gonads were well developed （April 2011, P〈0.05）. We observed little difference in the nature of the phenotypic correlations between the two sample periods. The high variation in the somatic and gonad weight traits in G. crenularis suggests there is considerable potential for selective breeding. However, our results suggest that gonad quality traits cannot be selected indirectly by selecting for body weight. Our study provides an insight into the method for improving the breeding and aquaculture of G. crenulari.     

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on maturation of Cephalothrix hongkongiensis （Nemertea： Palaeonemertea）

The limited knowledge about the relationships between environmental factors and the maturation and reproductive seasonality of nemerteans is mostly obtained from field studies, and in many cases is conjectural. Few species have been studied under well-controlled laboratory conditions. In this work, the effects of temperature and photoperiod on gonad development and spawning of Cephalothrix hongkongiensis were observed by rearing worms under different temperatures and photoperiods. Worms reared at 4℃ and 6℃ showed no growth or gonadal development, and all died within 109 days. At 8℃ and 12℃, gonads could be seen from 90 days to the termination of the 360-day experiment, but no spawning was observed. Worms maintained at 16, 24, and 28℃ showed both gonadal development and spawning, and matured faster at higher temperatures. Under a fixed temperature(16℃), photoperiod did not have any significant impact on maturation and spawning. It is likely that temperature plays a major role in regulating the maturation and reproductive cycle of C. hongkongiensis.     

Characterization,expression and function analysis of DAX1 gene of scallop (Chlamys farreri jones and preston 1904) during its gametogenesis

DAX1, a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, has a function in the sex determination and gonadal differentiation of several vertebrate species. However, little information about DAX1 of invertebrates is available. Here we cloned a homolog of scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones and Preston 1904) dax1, Cf-dax1, and determined its expression characteristics at mRNA and protein levels. The cDNA sequence of Cf-dax1 was 2093 bp in length, including 1404 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 467 amino acids. Unlike those of vertebrates, no conserved LXXLL-related motif was found in the putative DNA binding region of Cf-DAX1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that Cf-dax1 located on the short arm of a pair of subtelocentric chromosomes. Tissue distribution analysis using semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that Cf-dax1 expressed widely in adult scallop tissues, with the highest expression level found in adductor muscle, moderate level in mantle, gill and testis, and low level in kidney, ovary and hepatopancreas. The result of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression of Cf-dax1 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in testis than in ovary at the same stage, showing a sex-dimorphic expression pattern. Furthermore, immunohistochemical detection found that Cf-DAX1 mainly located in spermatogonia and spermatocytes of testis and in oogonia and oocytes of ovary, implying that DAX1 may involve in gametogenesis of bivalves.     

厚壳贻贝性腺不同发育时期肥满度与生化成分分析

为研究厚壳贻贝性腺发育不同时期的营养物质积累和消耗规律,本文分析测定了3个年龄组的厚壳贻贝在性腺发育5个时期的肥满度、含水量及生化成分。结果表明:(1)相同发育时期的肥满度和含水量组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但在不同发育时期存在显著差异(P＜0.05);成熟期的肥满度最高,为17.76%~19.21%,约为休止期最低时的3.15倍;含水量则正好相反,以休止期最高,为93.29%~95.32%,约为成熟期最低时的1.15倍。(2)总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和灰分在不同发育时期均有显著差异(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在成熟期达到峰值,粗蛋白为72.01%,粗脂肪为13.52%,两者分别在休止期和增殖期最低;总糖含量在排放期最高为13.56%,灰分含量以休止期最高为7.59%,两者均以成熟期含量最低。(3)蛋白质的积累与消减正好与肥满度的变化相吻合,证实厚壳贻贝在性腺发育过程中吸收并贮存大量营养物质,使肥满度逐渐升高,随配子的排放肥满度急剧下降。     

牙鲆Lhx1基因的克隆和表达分析

Lhx1基因对于哺乳动物卵巢缪勒氏管的形成具有重要作用, 但鱼类中的报道仅限于其在体轴和肾脏形成中的作用, 尚未见到其与性别及性腺发育相关的报道。本研究克隆获得了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)Lhx1a和Lhx1b开放阅读框(ORF)序列, 长度分别为1224 bp 和1206 bp (GenBank 注册号为:JX999940、JX999941), 同源序列比较显示牙鲆Lhx1a和Lhx1b基因均具有两个LIM 及一个HOX 结构域, 符合Lhx1进化保守性。这两个基因在牙鲆雌、雄成鱼各组织RT-PCR 差异表达谱不尽相同, Lhx1a在精巢中弱表达, 卵巢中不表达, 在其他组织中雌、雄表达谱差异不大, 都只在脑和眼组织有弱表达;而Lhx1b的表达在性腺中相对较高, 且卵巢的表达量高于精巢。进一步检测牙鲆Lhx1a和Lhx1b在雌、雄性腺发育各期的表达谱, 发现这两个基因表达集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期性腺, Lhx1a在精巢中弱表达, Lhx1b卵巢中的表达明显高于精巢, 而在Ⅰ、ⅡII、Ⅴ期性腺几乎均不表达。由此推断牙鲆Lhx1a 和Lhx1b均为性别相关基因, 但在两性性腺发育中的作用可能各有不同。     

City-Suburb Differences in African American Male Labor Market Achievement

This research tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis by comparing the employment probabilities of central city versus suburban African American males in nine metropolitan areas. Treatment effects models are used to control for the effects of both individual characteristics and residential self-selection on the probability of employment. A positive effect of suburban residential location on employment is found for the residents of Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, while no effect is found for the residents of Cleveland, Houston. Jackson, Memphis, and Newark. The general conclusion to be drawn is that the spatial mismatch effect is contingent on the particular characteristics of each metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis shows that metropolitan areas with a spatial mismatch effect are large in terms of total population and total land area, and have less efficient transportation systems.