四川盆地秸秆还田与稻田新三熟制的农产品服务价值

四川省传统稻田种植模式为稻麦（油）轮作，中稻收后到小麦、油菜播栽前尚有2个月左右的休闲期，该时段的温光时资源占全年的20％左右，利用潜力大。经多年研究集成了以秸秆覆盖还田提升土壤有机质、提高稻田综合生产能力的“水稻-蔬菜-小麦”、“水稻-秋马铃薯-油菜”、“水稻-蔬菜-春马铃薯”稻田新三熟种植模式，对三种新模式的农产品服务价值研究结果表明：秸秆覆盖稻田新三熟显著提高了稻田的综合生产能力，“稻-芋／油”三熟新模式比传统“稻-油”两熟模式的生产力提高115．2％，产值达到42218．4元/a；“稻-菜-麦”和“稻-菜-芋”三熟新模式分别比传统“稻-麦”两熟模式生产力提高92．3％、168．3％，周年公顷产值达到35798．9元、49952．2元；“稻-油”保护性耕作两熟模式与传统“稻-油”农作模式相比，虽然生产力相当，但由于降低了生产成本，年农产品服务价值每公顷增加904．0元，增加8．7％，“稻-麦”保护性耕作两熟模式与传统“稻-麦”农作模式相比，年农产品服务价值每公顷增加5341．5元，增加57．5％；“稻-芋／油”三熟新模式比传统“稻-油”和保护性耕作两熟模式年农产品服务价值每公顷分别增加18006．2元、17102．2元；“稻-菜-麦”和“稻-菜-芋”三熟新模式分别比传统“稻-麦”两熟模式农产品服务价值增加16835．5元、25063．8元，比保护性耕作模式分别增加11494．0元、19722．3元。     

不同还田方式下稻草的腐解速率及养分释放规律

采用尼龙网袋法和砂滤管法研究了稻草不同还田方式下的腐解及养分释放规律。结果表明：稻草还田后，前期腐解快，后期较慢。翻埋还田的稻草腐解速率明显快于覆盖还田稻草，整个试验期间（210d）翻埋还田的稻草腐解率达到76．55％，而覆盖还田的稻草仅为53．50％。稻草覆盖与翻埋两种还田方式下养分释放速率均以钾（K）最快，磷（P）次之，氮（N）最慢。还田10d内，两种方式下K分别释放了50．32％和90．13％。稻草与土壤充分混合条件下，稻草和土壤矿化释放的氮以NO3-N为主（〉80％），NH4-N和可溶性有机氮较少；在稻草还田后的前40d存在土壤微生物与作物竞争土壤矿质氮的现象，40d之后此现象消失，稻草开始氮的净矿化；在稻草埋入土壤时同时配施适量的氮肥，则不会出现微生物的夺氮现象。整个试验期间，该土壤氮净矿化量达90．4mg／kg土。     

采用热像仪测量玉米冠层半球方向亮温的四种方法比较

为了提高玉米冠层半球方向亮温（DBT）测量的准确性，对一套由工业用起重机平台和热红外成像仪组成的地面观测系统的四种测量方法进行了对比和评价。这些方法基于不同的测量原理：（1）通过移动起重机和平台，从不同的角度去测量一个样区的DBT；（2）固定起重机和平台的位置，通过旋转热像仪，从不同的区域收集不同角度的DBT；（3）对方法2的改进，转动热像仪朝向的同时，吊车沿作物垄行方向运动，得到大区域内平均的DBT；（4）当热像仪沿着垂直于垄行方向的起重机臂运动时，用高成像频率对目标热辐射进行采样。在对这些方法进行比较时，着重考虑了玉米冠层亮温分布的时间和空间变化所产生的影响，对本观测系统的优点和局限性进行了初步探讨。最后，本文从实际应用的角度，提出了一个基于这个系统且优化了的DBT测量方法。     

Carbon dioxide exchange and the mechanism of environmental control in a farmland ecosystem in North China Plain

CO2 flux was measured continuously in a wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain using the eddy covariance technique to study the characteristic of CO2 exchange and its response to key environmental factors. The results show that nighttime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) varied exponentially with soil temperature. The temperature sensitivities of the ecosystem (Q10) were 2.94 and 2.49 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. The response of gross primary productivity (GPP) to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the crop field can be expressed by a rectangular hyperbolic function. Average Amax andαfor maize were more than those for wheat. The values ofαincreased positively with leaf area index (LAI) of wheat. Diurnal variations of NEE were significant from March to May and from July to September, but not remarkable in other months. NEE, GPP and ecosystem respiration (Rec) showed significantly seasonal variations in the crop field. The highest mean daily CO2 uptake rate was -10.20 and -12.50 gC·m-2·d-1 in 2003 and 2004, for the maize field, respectively, and -8.19 and -9.50 gC·m-2·d-1 in 2003 and 2004 for the wheat field, respectively. The maximal CO2 uptake appeared in April or May for wheat and mid-August for maize. During the main growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize, NEE was controlled by GPP which was chiefly influenced by PAR and LAI. Rec reached its annual maximum in July when Rec and GPP contributed to NEE equally. NEE was dominated by Rec in other months and temperature became a key factor controlling NEE. Total NEE for the wheat field was -77.6 and -152.2 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively, and -120.1 and -165.6 gC·m-2·a-1 in 2003 and 2004 for the maize field, respectively. The cropland of North China Plain was a carbon sink, with annual -197.6 and -317.9 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. After considering the carbon in grains, the cropland became a carbon source, which was 340.5 and 107.5 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. Affected by climate and filed managements, inter-annual carbon exchange varied largely in the wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain.     

Winter mortality risk for American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in Saskatchewan

North American ginseng is native to the deciduous forest region of eastern North America but is now cultivated in areas well beyond its natural range. In recent years an expanding market has attracted growers in climatically less suitable regions, including the Canadian prairies. The ginseng root requires at least four years to reach marketable size and is sensitive to injury when the temperature drops below about −4°C. Such temperatures are not unusual in the prairies; thus winter kill is a hazard that may limit ginseng production in this region of Canada. This study analyses the risks of winter soil temperatures falling below levels critical for the survival of ginseng in Saskatchewan. It appears that winter conditions may be too severe for reliable production of this lucrative crop, although application of straw mulch and additional benefits of trapped snow could reduce the risk of winter kill.     

温度对夏玉米光合生产力影响的数值模拟研究

利用美国Licor-6200便携式光合作用仪测定了夏玉米光合作用速率，给出了叶片光合作用模型，建立了夏玉米冠层光温生产力数值模式，阐明了日平均气温与冠层群体光合作用之间的相对确定性关系，并提出了光合等效温度的概念及计算方法。在此基础上，推导出温度对群体光合作用影响的函数表达式，使温度订正函数f (T)不再是简单的假设，而是建立在较为严格的理论基础之上，从而实现了光合模型的时间尺度转换，为更准确地建立生态动力模型及农业气候资源数值模型提供了前提条件。     

基于面源污染约束的玉米生产效率及其时空差异

采用基于非期望产出的非径向、非角度的数据包络分析模型测算了2006~2016年中国20个省份玉米生产效率并分析了其时空变化特征和影响因素。结果表明,东北区、黄淮海区和蒙新区玉米生产效率较高,但山东和辽宁效率值低于0.90,区内省际间差异较小;长江中下游区、西南区和西北区效率较低,但安徽、重庆、山西和甘肃效率值高于0.90,区内省际间差异较大。玉米生产效率总体上呈降低趋势,两极分化呈先缩小后扩大趋势,低效率地区数量显著增加。近3 a四川和贵州用工投入可缩减比例超过15%,辽宁化肥投入可缩减比例超过10%,吉林和黑龙江资本投入可缩减比例超过5%。总氮和总磷排放强度过高是各省份玉米生产效率降低的普遍原因,湖北、广西、贵州、云南和四川总氮可缩减比例达60%以上,宁夏、陕西和湖北总磷可缩减比例达50%以上。应通过水肥管理减少农田尺度肥料损失,通过布局调整和结构优化控制区域尺度肥料流失。东北区和黄淮海区应重点控制灌溉引起的磷肥排水损失和氮肥淋溶损失,西南区和长江中下游区重点控制暴雨径流引起的氮磷流失,西北区和蒙新区重点通过节水灌溉减少肥料流失。     

基于生物炭技术的农作物秸秆收购半径与收集站设置的数学模型

生物炭是酸性土壤修复的重要新型材料,生物炭技术是农作物秸秆开发利用的新兴技术,而农作物秸秆收集半径和收集站设置是影响农作物秸秆生物炭技术应用的关键因素,假设在农作物秸秆均匀分布的圆形区域建设生物炭生产基地,对影响生物炭生产基地效益的农作物秸秆收购半径进行分析,建立了"农作物秸秆收购半径数学模型",获得其最优收购半径为R=(a-c)/b(其中为单a位质量农作物秸秆相关收益,b为单位质量单位距离农作物秸秆运输费用,c为单位质量农作物秸秆变动成本)。同时进一步分析,建立了"农作物秸秆收集站位置设置数学模型",假设从收集站向生产基地运输单位质量单位距离农作物秸秆费用q比其直接运输至生产基地费用b节约50%时(即q/b=0.5),获得其最优位置为0.49R (其中R为收购半径)。收购半径和收集站模型的建立,为我国北方农业主产区农作物秸秆收集利用提供参考。     

Effect of graded levels of dietary carbohydrate on growth,feed utilisation and intestinal microbial community structure in dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus fed a pelleted diet

The ability to utilise carbohydrates is limited for many predatory marine fishes. Graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (4.1–24.6%) were formulated using pregelatinised maize starch, to determine optimal levels for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, an emerging mariculture finfish for which pelleted feeds are being developed. Specific growth rate increased with an increase in the carbohydrate level up to 16.72%, after which it declined. Feed utilisation followed a similar trend, with the best feed conversion ratio (1.28) and protein efficiency ratio (1.76) recorded at 16.4% carbohydrate. Lipid vacuolisation of the hepatocytes was evident in all livers examined, with melano-macrophage aggregates in those of fish fed 24.6% carbohydrate suggesting starvation. Gut bacterial community profiles were variable but were not influenced by dietary carbohydrate level and differed mostly between fish fed trout feed prior to the trial and those fed experimental diets containing starch. The dusky kob were able to clear glucose from their blood when fed up to 16.4% carbohydrate, but glucose removal was not achieved at 24.6% carbohydrate. In conclusion, dusky kob has a limited ability to utilise cooked starch as a carbohydrate source, which may be included in pelleted feed at 16.4% without adverse effects. For this species, levels of dietary carbohydrate above this may result in symptoms consistent with physiological breakdown, including reduced growth, reduced feed intake and feed conversion efficiency, prolonged hyperglycaemia, liver pathology and altered microbial communities in the foregut.