无水硝酸镁制备过程中的水解特性

在槽式太阳能热发电领域,硝酸镁基熔盐逐渐引起关注。通过六水硝酸镁煅烧法制备无水硝酸镁,采用拉曼、DSC与XRD表征脱水产物,系统研究了环境压力、脱水温度与时间对六水硝酸镁脱水和水解的影响。结果表明,六水硝酸镁在煅烧过程中水解为碱式硝酸镁Mg_3(OH)_4(NO_3)_2,在水溶液中进一步分解为Mg(OH)_2。随着煅烧温度和时间的增加,脱水产物中的含水量逐渐减少,同时水解产物Mg_3(OH)_4(NO_3)_2含量逐渐增加。真空环境下煅烧,可显著降低硝酸镁的水解反应。六水硝酸镁在真空环境下230℃煅烧1.5 h,所制备的无水硝酸镁中水解产物含量为3.63%。制备的硝酸镁可进一步用于硝酸镁基熔盐的研究。     

白云岩酸解法制备轻质氧化镁和碳酸钙实验研究

以河南卢氏县黄跃沟纯质白云岩为原料,利用盐酸进行分解,制得MgCl2-CaCl2溶液。经过通氨气调节pH值除铁、氨化反应、陈化反应以及碳化反应等过程,制备轻质氧化镁和轻质碳酸钙,研究氨化过程中温度和时间对Mg2+沉淀率的影响,以及碳化时间对碳酸钙制品晶型的影响。采用化学分析方法和扫描电镜分析对制品进行表征,结果表明:轻质氧化镁制品颗粒形貌呈片状,粒径为150 nm左右,其性能达到HG/T2573—2006优等品标准;轻质碳酸钙制品颗粒形貌呈球状,粒径为100 nm左右,其性能达到HG/T2567—1994优等品的标准。实验采用的工艺路线具有能耗低、白云石资源利用率高、加工过程符合清洁生产要求等优点,是白云岩资源高效利用的有效途径之一。     

湖南七里坪夕卡岩型硼矿床的矿石特征及其矿床学意义

七里坪硼矿床的主要矿石类型从岩石学角度看是方解石岩 ,它们由硼矿物和方解石组成 ,二者都是含硼气液交代白云石大理岩 (围岩 )的结果。矿石的化学成分既富钙又富镁 ,钙来自方解石 ,镁来自硼矿物 ,贫其它成分 ,因此夕卡岩型硼矿床不是传统的镁夕卡岩矿床 ,而是钙镁质夕卡岩矿床。     

改性氢氧化镁对地下水中铅镉的稳定化性能研究

为研究OH-缓释剂对铅、镉污染地下水修复的可行性,通过室内实验制备改性氢氧化镁,并对其去除地下水中Pb和Cd的性能进行研究。实验结果表明,重金属的稳定化机理主要为沉淀反应。在去除单一重金属(Pb或Cd)实验中,Pb和Cd的去除率都可达到99%以上,反应符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数分别为0.173 7 min-1和0.003 7 min-1。改性氢氧化镁在处理Pb和Cd的复合污染时Pb优先于Cd反应,Pb的存在会对Cd的沉淀起到抑制作用。     

青海盐湖锂资源开发现状及对提锂产业发展建议

中国正处在环境污染治理和产业结构调整的关键时期,发展新能源产业是应对能源和环境危机的必然选择;同时,锂资源储备和提锂技术直接影响到国家能源战略安全。中国科学院青海盐湖所经过二十年开发,目前已形成一套成熟的选择性离子迁移分离提锂技术,并经过了产业化和工业应用验证,核心技术达到国际领先水平。该产业化具有绿色、高效、低能耗、低物耗、低产品成本、高纯度等特点,技术通用性好,可推广应用到青海、西藏高海拔生态脆弱地区以及南美玻利维亚、阿根廷、智利等高镁锂比盐湖中锂的分离提取,在高钙镁地热水、油(气)田水提锂方面也有一定的应用潜力。     

宝玉石的找矿标志

本文主要探讨宝石的找矿标志。包括在超基性岩、辉长岩—斜长岩中含虹彩长石、喷发岩、花岗伟晶岩中的宝石,还有变花岗岩云英岩中含海蓝宝石,镁矽卡岩中含尖晶石、红宝石、蓝宝石和青金石,风化壳中的宝石,砂矿中的宝石等。     

有机配合物前驱体法合成纳米氧化镁研究及此法的应用前景

综述了利用我国盐湖镁资源,以乙酰丙酮及其衍生物、有机胺和醋酸根为配位剂,采用有机配合物为前驱体合成纳米氧化镁的方法,前驱体形成的机理以及特点和优势。通过介绍此合成法在合成纳米金属粉体、其它金属氧化物粉体、无机盐粉体、氧化物薄膜或复合氧化物薄膜以及特殊结构化合物等方面广泛应用的实例,并预测了该法在合成其它高值化镁产品中的应用前景。     

镁质粘土在碱性耐火材料工业应用的初步探索

本研究项目的主要步骤是把镁质粘土和橄榄岩或焦油镁砂砖废料在箱式电炉里进行烧结试验（温度１２００～１２５０℃）。同时测定了原料、烧结样品和５种产品的物理性质和矿物组分。结果表明,产品里的矿物多是富镁的高熔点矿物,包括继承性的或新生的镁橄榄石和方镁石,少量钙镁橄榄石、镁黄长石以及痕量硅酸二钙。２号产品含较多的斜顽辉石,由滑石或海泡石转化而成,它的熔点较低。试验表明,妥善选择原料和配方是走向成功的第一步,而瘠性和塑性材料相配合,则是传统经验的重现。在这种场合,镁质粘土作为结合粘土,起了很大作用。利用氧气煤气火焰快速测定熔点也是有意义的尝试。     

Application of the geographical information systems approach to watershed mass balance studies

This study was undertaken to test the utility of a geographical information systems (GIS) approach to problems of watershed mass balance. This approach proved most useful in exploring the effects that watershed scale, lithology and land use have on chemical weathering rates, and in assessing whether mass balance calculations could be applied to large multilithological watersheds. Water quality data from 52 stations were retrieved from STORET and a complete GIS database consisting of the watershed divide, lithology and land use was compiled for each station. Water quality data were also obtained from 7 experimental watersheds to develop a methodology to estimate annual fluxes from incomplete data sets. The methodology consists of preparing a composite of daily flux data, calculating a best fit sinusoid and integrating the equation to obtain an annual flux. Comparison with annual fluxes calculated from high resolution data sets suggests that this method predicts fluxes within about 10% of the true annual flux. Annual magnesium fluxes (moles km⁻² yr⁻¹) were calculated for all stations and adjusted for fluxes from atmospheric deposition. Magnesium flux was found to be a strong function of the amount of carbonate in the watershed, and silica fluxes were found to increase with the fraction of sandstone present in the watershed. All fluxes were strongly influenced by mining practices, with magnesium fluxes from affected watersheds being 6–10 times higher than fluxes from comparable pristine watersheds. Mining practices enhance chemical weathering by increasing the surface area of unweathered rock to which water has access and by increasing acidity and rate of mineral weathering. Fluxes were also found to increase with watershed size. This scale dependence is most likely caused by the sensitivity of weathering fluxes to even minor quantities of carbonates, which are likely to be found in all lithologies at larger scales. Mass balances were carried out in watersheds where gauged sub-watersheds made up more than 95% of the area. The calculations show large magnesium flux and water balance discrepancies. These errors may be a result of significant groundwater inputs to streams between gauges. The results suggest that improvements in how we measure discharge and estimate fluxes may be required before we can apply mass balance techniques to larger scales. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

Six methods were compared for calculating annual stream exports of sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium and aluminum from six small Appalachian watersheds. Approximately 250–400 stream samples and concurrent stream flow measurements were collected during baseflows and storm flows for the 1989 water year at five Pennsylvania watersheds and during the 1989–1992 water years at a West Virginia watershed. Continuous stream flow records were also collected at each watershed. Solute exports were calculated from the complete data set using six different scenarios ranging from instantaneous monthly measurements of stream chemistry and stream flow, to intensive monitoring of storm flow events and multiple regression equations. The results for five of the methods were compared with the regression method because statistically significant models were developed and the regression equations allowed for prediction of solute concentrations during unsampled storm flows. Results indicated that continuous stream flow measurement was critical to producing exports within 10% of regression estimates. For solutes whose concentrations were not correlated strongly with stream flow, weekly grab samples combined with continuous records of stream flow were sufficient to produce export estimates within 10% of the regression method. For solutes whose concentrations were correlated strongly with stream flow, more intensive sampling during storm flows or the use of multiple regression equations were the most appropriate methods, especially for watersheds where stream flows changed most quickly. Concentration–stream flow relationships, stream hydrological response, available resources and required level of accuracy of chemical budgets should be considered when choosing a method for calculating solute exports. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.