冻融循环作用下宽级配砾质土的渗透特性

针对西北地区特殊的气候条件和砾质土料源丰富的实际情况,提出采用宽级配砾质土代替黏土作为土工合成材料膨润土垫(GCls)的保护层共同构成垃圾填埋场复合防渗系统的构想。文中选取宁夏银川地区冲-洪积作用形成的天然砾质土料,经人工掺和制配成满足规范对GCls防渗垫保护层渗透系数要求的宽级配砾质土样,在实验室对该土样进行了冻融循环作用下的渗透性能试验研究。结果显示,随着冻融次数的逐渐增加,土样的冻胀率逐渐变大,渗透系数也相应增大,经过12次冻融循环后,渗透系数约增大1～2个数量级;冻融循环初期,冻融作用对土样的影响最为剧烈,随着冻融循环次数的增加以及时间的延续,土样性状逐渐趋于稳定。由于宽级配砾质土对冻融循环作用的敏感性小于粉质黏性土,故采用宽级配砾质土作为Cls/GM的保护层共同组成填埋场复合防渗系统是值得期待的。     

Evaluation of nitrogen cycling associated with agricultural production and environmental load in a mountain region,in Hokkaido,Japan

This study examined the nitrogen cycling associated with agricultural production and environmental load in central Hokkaido. The nitrogen （N） budget analysis model offers a new set of tools for evaluating N cycling in agro-ecosystems. The cycling index （CI） is a useful tool for estimating optimal N flows in farmlands. The fertilization index （FI） is a useful indicator for characterizing the N flows related to farms. Using these parameters, we analyzed all farm systems to estimate the optimal N cycling for minimizing N pollution in groundwater and maximizing agricultural production in mountain regions of Japan. The results showed that the critical N application rate （chemical fertilizer ＋ manure） was 143.3 kg N ha^-1 y^-1. The critical inter-system input （chemical fertilizer N, imported food and feed N, and natural supplied N） was 169.2 kg N ha^-1y^-1.     

桂林潮田河水溶解无机碳昼夜变化与通量

小型山区河流系统具有流域面积小、响应时间短、人类活动的水化学影响易识别等特点,是研究生物地球化学过程的理想场所.本文以桂林潮田河为例,通过高分辨率监测与高频取样,研究水化学昼夜动态变化,无机碳移除及其生物地球化学控制机理.受水生光合作用与钙沉积作用的控制,河水pH、DO、SpC、HCO–3和Ca2+离子产生显著的昼夜动态变化,这些水化学指标昼夜变幅大小又与河床基质和水生植物类型有关.砾石类河床藻类发育的鸟岭桥河段Ca2+和HCO3-含量白天下降幅度平均值分别为12%和11%,泥质类河床沉水植物发育的两河沟河段为10.6%和8.9%.DO浓度与pH值主要受局地河流内部过程控制,即水生植物或藻类光合作用控制,而电导率受上游传输影响较大,滞后时间与两点之间信号平流传输时间相关.监测河段水体因光合作用产生的钙沉降与溶解无机碳移除量分别为302 kg/d和997 kg/d,即188.75 g/m/d和623.13 g/m/d,是西南亚热带典型地下河出口河流的4~5倍,小型岩溶河流沿流程发生的无机碳向有机碳转化,对水体碳通量而言,是真正意义上的自然碳汇过程.     

土壤碳及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的意义

本文回顾了近10年来国内外对土壤碳研究的主要进展,分析了土壤碳的移动性及其影响因素,着重针对陆地系统碳汇饱和问题介绍了土壤碳对大气CO2源汇效应的碳转移过程及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的作用,指出应加强对土壤碳转移及其对全球变化的响应、土壤碳固存对大气CO2调控的机制和动态的研究,以便为缓解陆地系统碳汇饱和提供科学依据。     

江汉盆地始新世中、晚期气候变化周期性的孢粉学证据

采用时间序列分析方法对江汉盆地明钾1孔的孢粉数据进行了处理,发现在中、晚始新世时期孢粉植物群的波动存在各种周期成分.长周期有1.2 Ma、2.0 Ma 及5.0 Ma,中周期有0.2 Ma、0.4 Ma、0.6 Ma、0.8 Ma,其中1.2 Ma及0.2 Ma、0.4 Ma、0.6 Ma的周期成分在第四纪孢粉植物群的演化中也存在,且与8.0 Ma B.P.以来的构造气候旋回,亚旋回的准1.2?Ma及0.4?Ma周期相一致.这表明地球运动轨道变化对气候的制约作用由来已久.该孔孢粉时间序列的趋势成分显示最少有4个水平,反映了孢粉植物群演化的4个阶段.曲线还揭示36 Ma B.P.前后的波动周期及振幅都有明显的变异,可能预示了一次大的环境变革.这一变化在很大程度上与喜马拉雅一期运动和地球南半球一次大的海洋和气候变冷事件相吻合.     

喀斯特生态系统生物地球化学过程与物质循环研究:重要性、现状与趋势

喀斯特地质与生态系统是地球表层系统中的重要组成部分,其变化将对其他地区以及整个地球系统产生影响.生物地球化学循环是全球和区域变化研究的核心内容,而生态系统的演化与系统内水分和养分的生物地球化学循环密切相关。因此,我们有必要将喀斯特生态系统纳入到更大区域或全球生态系统中进行分析研究,在充分研究认识整个喀斯特生态系统物质生物地球化学循环规律的基础上,进一步研究喀斯特生态系统的全球变化响应或影响机制,为喀斯特生态系统优化调控对策和措施提供科学基础。研究生态系统演化过程中物质的生物地球化学循环规律,是研究植物适生性、物种优化配置和适应性生态系统调控机理的关键基础。在介绍前人工作基础的同时,本文全面而概括地总结了我们近年利用元素、同位素(如δ13C、δ15N、δ34S、87Sr/86Sr)示踪和化学计量学理论和方法对喀斯特生态系统中不同界面和流域中物质的生物地球化学循环及其生态环境效应的研究成果。认识到:喀斯特流域生物地球化学循环活跃,相互耦合,并与流域生态环境变化相互制约;人类活动正干预流域物质的自然生物地球化学循环过程,并导致相应的生态和环境效应;全球变化科学深化有赖于区域生态环境变化及物质生物地球化学循环的研究。这些认识是我们将来系统深入开展喀斯特以及其他流域生态系统物质生物地球化学循环研究的重要方向。     

Redox cycling of iron and manganese in sediments of the Kalix River estuary, Northern Sweden

Iron and manganese redox cycling in the sediment — water interface region in the Kalix River estuary was investigated by using sediment trap data, pore-water and solid-phase sediment data. Nondetrital phases (presumably reactive Fe and Mn oxides) form substantial fractions of the total settling flux of Fe and Mn (51% of Fe_total and 84% of Mn_total). A steady-state box model reveals that nondetrital Fe and Mn differ considerably in reactivity during post-depositional redox cycling in the sediment. The production rate of dissolved Mn (1.6 mmol m^–2 d^–1) exceeded the depositional flux of nondetrital Mn (0.27 mmol m^–2 d^–1) by a factor of about 6. In contrast, the production rate of upwardly diffusing pore-water Fe (0.77 mmol m^–2 d^–1) amounted to only 22% of the depositional flux of nondetrital Fe (3.5 mmol m^–2 d^–1). Upwardly diffusing pore-water Fe and Mn are effectively oxidized and trapped in the oxic surface layer of the sediment, resulting in negligible benthic effluxes of Fe and Mn. Consequently, the concentrations of nondetrital Fe and Mn in permanently deposited, anoxic sediment are similar to those in the settling material. Reactive Fe oxides appear to form a substantial fraction of this buried, non-detrital Fe. The in-situ oxidation rates of Fe and Mn are tentatively estimated to be 0.51 and 0.16–1.7 mol cm^–3 d^–1, respectively.     

Rapid Holocene hydrologic change along boreal treeline revealed by δ13C and δ18O in organic lake sediments, Northwest Territories, Canada

Analysis of ¹⁸O_cellulose, ¹³C_{organic matter}, and ¹³C_cellulose at about 100 year intervals from organic matter deposited in Toronto Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, revealed an 8000-year history of rapid, post-glacial hydrologic change at the treeline zone. Several mid-Holocene phases of enriched ¹³C_org and ¹³C_cell, caused by elevated lake productivity, declining [CO_2(aq)], and closed basin conditions, were abruptly terminated by intervals of open hydrology recorded by sharply depleted ¹⁸O_cell. Two of these events, at 5000 and 4500 BP, are correlated with increased total organic content and Picea mariana pollen concentration, which indicate that high levels of productivity were also accompanied by northern treeline advances. A third treeline advance at about 2500 BP is also marked by an apparent outflow event from Toronto Lake, but this was not associated with ¹³C_org/cell enrichment in the sediment record because rapid and substantial lake water renewal probably prevented productivity-driven enrichment of the dissolved inorganic carbon and replenished the CO_2(aq) supply to thriving phytoplankton. However, high sediment organic content during this period suggests increased productivity. Increases in the inflow:evaporation ratio at about 6500 and 3500 BP were also sufficient to cause Toronto Lake to overflow but the prevailing climate during these periods apparently did not favour appreciable northward treeline migration or changes in lake productivity.This is the 14th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers     

Agroecological measures and circular economy strategies to ensure sufficient nitrogen for sustainable farming

Sustainable food systems face trade-offs between demands of low environmental pressures per unit area and requirements of increasing production. Organic farming has lower yields than conventional agriculture and requires the introduction of nitrogen (N) fixing legumes in crop rotations. Here we perform an integrated assessment of the feasibility of future food systems in terms of land and N availability and the potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results show that switching to 100% organic farming without additional measures results in N deficiency. Dietary change towards a reduced share of animal products can aggravate N limitations, which can be overcome through the implementation of a combination of agroecological, circular economy and decarbonization strategies. These measures help to recycle and transfer N from grassland. A vegan diet from fully decarbonized conventional production performs similarly as the optimized organic scenario. Sustainable food systems hence require measures beyond the agricultural sector.     

The Rate-equation for Biogenic Silica Dissolution in Seawater – New Hypotheses

This paper investigates the kinetics of biogenic silica dissolution in seawater, through batch dissolution, where the reaction is observed as the increase in dissolved silicic acid concentration with time. It utilises new data from dissolution of the marine diatom Cyclotella cryptica, and the freshwater diatom C. meneghiniana, as well as literature results. The sum of exponentials form: , is hypothesised as the most general rate equation, with the single exponential form occurring in a minority of cases. The consistency of this behaviour with a near-exponential decay of surface area with time, an appropriate mathematical integration, and surface heterogeneity, is discussed. (Serious errors in some existing integrations are identified.) The rate of dissolution at constant surface area is shown to decrease non-linearly as the ambient concentration of silicic acid increases. A fractional order with respect to silicic acid in the back reaction, close to 0.5, leads to a mechanism in which an intermediate is formed from the surface and an, as yet, unidentified molecule, probably water. Good preliminary fits are found between the model and literature results found using entirely different methods. A parallel treatment of hydrogen ion dependency is suggested. The likely distortion of full reaction curves from exponential behaviour imposed by the back reaction, is considered in detail.