豫西荥巩——新密煤田太原组、山西组的沉积环境和聚煤规律

荥巩和新密煤田是豫西北部的两个相邻煤田。主要含煤地层为晚古生代晚石炭世太原组和早二叠世山西组,总厚100—150m;下石盒子组及晚二叠世的上石盒子组在本区仅偶含薄煤层。太原组位于含煤岩系最底部,为碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩交替沉积,灰岩形成于清澈、温暖、浅水的陆表海潮下环境,碎屑岩则为潮道和潮间带为主的潮道、潮坪沉积。太原组含有6—7层薄煤层,形成于咸水或半咸水的泥炭沼泽中。山西组几乎全由碎屑岩组成,下部发育本区的主要可采煤层二1煤。二1煤以下层位为潮坪和横向与之共生的潮道、潮沟及河口潮汐砂脊沉积,二1煤以上为河流作用为主的三角洲沉积,三角洲由北向南进积到半咸水的海湾中。二1煤形成于海退时期,它们堆积在滨海平原的淡水泥炭沼泽中,其厚度变化及发育程度主要受成煤前沉积环境控制,但在本区西部构造较复杂处,煤层厚度受后期构造影响较大。沉积环境对煤层原生厚度的影响主要表现在潮坪和废弃的潮道、潮沟、河口潮汐砂背沉积物之上,煤层发育好,而在二1煤之下有活动的潮道及河口潮汐砂脊发育时,煤层较薄或不发育。     

Coastline and landscape changes in bay areas caused by human activities: A comparative analysis of Xiangshan Bay,China and Tampa Bay,USA

Using multitemporal Landsat TM/OLI images at a 10-year interval, in this study, we (1) extracted information of spatial location, length, and sinuosity of coastline and landscape configuration, diversity and fragmentation in the bay areas of Xiangshan Bay (XB), China and Tampa Bay (TB), USA from 1985 to 2015; (2) constructed indices of artificial coastlines and human disturbance on bay area landscapes; and (3) explored and discussed the impacts of human activities on changes of coastlines and landscape types in the two bay areas. Our analysis results demonstrate the following five points. (1) During the past 30 years, the lengths of natural coastline in XB and TB shrank, while the lengths of their artificial coastline increased first and then maintained stable. Since there were different influences of human activities on coastlines and landscape types between the two bay areas, XB experienced dramatic changes in parts of coastline geomorphologies and continuous decrease of coastline sinuosity, while, in TB, there was a little change in coastline geomorphologies and its coastline sinuosity was almost unchanged. (2) The intensity of human activities in XB was continuously enhanced from 1985 to 1995, and then the degree of enhancement had slowed down after 1995. However, in the time period, the impacted extent of human activities gradually increased and finally covered almost entire coastlines in XB. In TB area, although the intensity of human activities was enhanced, the degree of enhancement slowed down from 1985 to 2015 and the impacted areas of human activates were concentrated in several coastal city areas. (3) The average area of landscape patches strongly disturbed by human activities in both XB and TB generally showed a trend of decreasing from 1985 to 2005. However, during the period of 2005 to 2015, the average patch area of landscapes disturbed by different degrees of human activities in XB changed differently, while in TB it almost did not change. (4) From 1985 to 2005, the indices of landscape diversity in various areas of human disturbance in XB gradually increased, while in TB, changes in indices of the landscape diversity varied. From 2005 to 2015, the changes in the intensity of human disturbance in both bay areas were from weak to strong, whereas the indices of landscape diversity in XB and TB increased first and then decreased. (5) The landscape fragmentation index in different human disturbance areas in both XB and TB gradually increased from 1985 to 2005, while from 2005 to 2015, in both bay areas, the landscape fragmentation index presented a decreasing trend.     

Influence of reclamation works on the marine environment in a semi-enclosed bay

1Introduction GamakBay,anegg shapedseasurfaceareaofap proximately112km2,isasemi enclosedshallowwaterareawithameandepthof9mandhasbotheastandsouthchannelstoreceiveseawaterfromoutside(seeFig.1).Similarscalesoftidalwavesalmostsimultane ouslyenterorexitthrough…     

胶州湾东北部营养盐的季节和多年变化

根据1991-2004年的调查资料,探讨了胶州湾东北部水域营养盐及其摩尔比的月、旬的变化和多年变化以及与年、Chla的关系.月和旬的变化表明春、夏季,各种营养盐浓度以锯齿状的形式呈缓慢上升趋势,与外源性营养盐增加密切相关,只有SiO₃-Si在8月份出现明显峰值,SiO₃-Si/DIN和SiO₃-Si/PO₄-P比也有相似的变化;秋季以后营养盐浓度急剧增加,特别是SiO₃-Si和DIN,导致了冬季赤潮的爆发.在赤潮高峰时,营养盐大量消耗,特别是SiO₃-Si几乎耗尽(0.49μmol/L),SiO₃-Si/DIN和SiO₃-Si/PO₄-P比迅速下降(分别为0.01和1.04),SiO₃-Si成为浮游植物生长的限制因子,控制了赤潮的进一发展,并初步讨论了赤潮发生的化学海洋学机制.营养盐的季节变化与Chla含量呈明显的消长关系.营养盐及其结构的多年变化表明,1999年以后比1991-1998年DIN和SiO₃-Si的平均浓度分别增加了1.0和2.2倍,DIN/PO₄-P比和SiO₃-Si/PO₄-P比分别增加了0.4和0.9倍,PO₄-P、SiO₃-Si/DIN比略有增加,营养盐之间的摩尔比都偏离了Redfield比,这与青岛市社会经济发展密切相关.     

人类活动对港湾岸线及景观变迁影响的比较研究————以中国象山港与美国坦帕湾为例

利用多时期遥感数据,以10年为时间步长,提取1985-2015年4个时期中国象山港和美国坦帕湾的岸线空间位置,长度和曲折度以及港湾地区景观构型,多样性和破碎度等信息,构建海岸人工化和港湾景观人工干扰指标,探讨人类活动对港湾岸线,景观演变的影响.结果表明:① 近30年来,象山港和坦帕湾自然岸线长度不断缩减,人工岸线长度呈先增后稳定的态势.由于两地人类活动方式的差异,象山港局部岸段形态发生剧烈变化,岸线曲折度不断变小;而坦帕湾岸线形态变化较小,岸线曲折度几乎保持不变.② 1985-1995年,象山港海岸人工化不断加强,1995年以后有所减弱,但人类活动的影响范围逐渐变大,几乎遍及整个港湾海岸.1985-2015年,坦帕湾海岸人工化强度虽有加强,但增幅缓慢,海岸人类活动也主要集中于各沿海城市区域.③ 1985-2005年,象山港和坦帕湾各人工化强度等级样区景观平均斑块面积总体呈减少趋势,但2005-2015年,象山港各强度样区景观平均斑块面积变化趋势不一,坦帕湾各强度样区变幅则较为平稳.④ 1985-2005年,象山港各强度样区景观多样性指数逐渐增大,而坦帕湾变化不一;2005-2015年,两港湾人工化强度由弱至强,景观多样性指数先增后减.⑤ 1985-2005年,象山港和坦帕湾不同人工化强度样区,景观破碎度指数逐渐增大;2005-2015年,两港湾景观破碎度指数呈减小趋势.     

杭州湾南岸庵东潮坪现代沉积特征

在进行庵东潮坪水文要素定点测量的基础上,对地貌特征,沉积粒度,沉积构造及重向剖面作了全面分析与研究。结果表明,滩地位于杭州湾进、退潮流的交会点,控制其发育的主动力为潮汐作用,具明显的不规则半日潮特性,涨潮流强度远大于落潮流,造就了宽达十余公里的潮滩地貌。滩地水动力深受湾内水流影响,高潮期服从其总体潮流流向,导致潮坪上发育众多与杭州湾深槽系统相连的潮沟,破坏了沉积物正常分布规律,高潮坪存在一定向平行岸线的大型潮沟,受强劲水流影响,沉积粒度粗化,并因快冲快淤而产生变形构造;中潮坪接受退潮期潮沟漫岸物质,粒度相对较小,分选性变差,沉积构造以直脊流水波痕及板状交错层理为主;低潮坪潮流作用大、沉积粒度粗,分选性最佳,发育小型流水波痕,内部构造以槽状交错层理,“青鱼刺”层理及再作用构造为特征。潮坪近岸处潮沟迁移层序及浪成波痕层理的发现反映水动力异常强大,威胁人工海塘的安全,建议停止进一步围垦滩涂,采取促淤方法,抑制潮沟的发育,以维持滩地稳定。     

Application of empirical models to bay-shaped beaches in Portugal

Three models were applied to analyse the planform of bay-shaped Portuguese beaches. They are based on empirical mathematical functions: the logarithmic spiral bay equation, the hyperbolic-tangent bay equation, and the parabolic bay equation. These models were applied to analyse the fitting to the beach planform of 42 beaches on the Portuguese Atlantic coast which was calculated through the validation against the waterline extracted from rectified aerial photographs. The logarithmic spiral model fits well the curved zone of the beaches, in particular small beaches with two headlands. Despite the good fitting of the hyperbolic-tangent model for one headland beach, its process of approximation to the solution was less intuitive than the processes of the other two models, therefore its application was more exhaustive. A comparative analysis between the logarithmic spiral model and the hyperbolic-tangent model revealed the best fit of the first. The application of the parabolic model allowed to conclude that despite the majority of the beaches analysed being in dynamic equilibrium condition due to the high energy wave regime of the Portuguese Atlantic coast, their planform was very close to the planform in static equilibrium condition due to the high dynamics of the coastal environment.     

辽东湾觉华岛附近海域海底地形地貌及沉积物分布特征分析

为对辽东湾觉华岛附近海域海底工程地质环境进行系统评估,利用高分辨海底声学探测设备获取调查海区的精密水深地形及浅地层剖面数据,利用筛析法、激光粒度仪实验法确定表层沉积物类型及粒度参数特征,综合分析了研究区海底地形地貌及沉积物分布特征.研究发现,目标海域测量水深介于4～22 m之间,平均水深15 m左右,海底地形平坦,整体...     

伶仃洋洪季潮波传播变形及不对称性规律分析

珠江河口伶仃洋水域潮波传播变形及其不对称性关系对河口动力环境和物质输运产生影响。研究根据珠江口伶仃洋及东四口门19个潮位站2011年6月实测逐时潮位, 利用收缩河型沿程潮幅解析理论, 阐释伶仃洋从桂山岛上行沿程潮汐传播规律特征; 在调和分析基础上, 应用偏度理论和分潮组合分析方法, 阐明了伶仃洋东西岸及洪奇门、蕉门内潮汐不对称性分布特征, 对照数值研究结果, 指出伶仃洋至虎门之间水域导致潮汐不对称性的主控因素及响应规律。研究表明, 河口平面形态呈近似指数收缩特征的伶仃洋, 沿程潮幅的变化符合指数收缩型河口波幅解析变化规律, 东岸潮幅高于西岸的主要原因是东岸水深大于西岸, 其次是科氏力影响; 行进潮波虽受地形摩擦耗能及非线性作用下不同频率分潮间能量迁移的影响, 但收缩河口能量汇聚效应可以保证收缩段天文分潮潮幅减缓衰减甚至增加, 半日分潮能量汇聚效果强于全日分潮, 各非线性项作用促使浅水分潮产生并持续增能, 保证一定距离内沿程潮幅的增大; 潮汐不对称性的偏度由湾口落潮占优向湾顶涨潮占优发展, 在伶仃洋中部赤湾至金星港一线转为涨潮占优, 产生该现象的原因是自湾口向湾顶不同频率间天文分潮K₁-O₁-M₂的相互作用, 导致表现为落潮优势潮的不对称性减弱, 而天文分潮M₂和其对应的浅水分潮倍潮M₄组合作用使涨潮优势偏度值的不对称性增强; 收缩河口形态属性要素中, 水深是影响潮不对称性的最主要因素。