Effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on turbulence induced by an oscillating grid

In wetlands wind-induced turbulence significantly affects the bottom boundary, and the interaction between turbulence and plant canopies is therefore particularly important. The aim of this study is to advance understanding of the impact of this interaction in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)¹ on vertical mixing in a fluid dominated by turbulence. Wind-generated turbulence was simulated in the laboratory using an oscillating grid. We quantify the vertical distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)² above and within different types of vegetation, measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Experimental conditions are analysed in two canopy models (rigid and semi-rigid) with seven solid plant fractions (SPFs)³, three stem diameters (d)⁴ and three oscillation grid frequencies (f)⁵ and four natural SAVs (Cladium mariscus, Potamogeton nodosus, Myriophyllum verticillatum and Ruppia maritima).     

可追溯的水产品流通体系建设问题探讨

中国建立可追溯的水产品流通体系非常迫切,批发市场的流通主导地位,其本身设备及监管的局限性制约着可追溯的水产品流通体系的建设。提出应用One-up-one-down可追溯原则建立可追溯的水产品流通体系。通过建立可追溯监管法规约束水产品流通主体,并从标签的规定、信息的记录和追溯凭证方面实施可追溯的水产品流通体系。     

雄黄与光反应的研究进展

矿物晶体收藏近年来成为一大热点,雄黄晶体艳丽,是地质类博物馆和矿物收藏家收藏的矿物种类之一,然而光照下雄黄不稳定,雄黄与光的反应倍受关注。因硫砷化合物的光化学灵敏度,硫砷化合物是一种重要的光学材料,国外开展了雄黄与光作用的反应产物和机理研究工作,雄黄与光的反应产物有副雄黄、砷华和χ-物相,在光照下雄黄通过As_4S_5分子间接地转变为副雄黄。作为药用矿物,As_2O_3是药用雄黄的组成部分,又是毒性成分,As_2O_3的来源与受到的高热和光照等有关,国内中医药界加强了对雄黄的物质成分的研究,还需加强光照对药用雄黄成分影响的研究。     

小江流域不同岩性风化物颗粒级配特征实验研究

松散固体物质的颗粒级配决定着它的结构和连接特征,影响着其力学性质,是影响泥石流起动的决定因素之一。以中国泥石流极为发育的小江流域为研究区,采集流域上、中、下游5个流域、9种岩石类型的48个随高程变化的风化产物样品及5个典型泥石流沟的堆积样品,采用筛析和激光粒度分析相结合的方法对各样品进行颗粒分析。选择与泥石流起动、运动密切相关的d_(50),C_u,C_c及粘粒含量4个指标构建指标体系,系统分析了各类岩性对于各项指标的差异规律,结果表明,对于各项指标,各类岩性风化物均差异显著,且随指标不同,其级配特征差异规律显著不同;5个典型流域泥石流堆积物在各项级配特征指标上均具有较好的一致性。d_(50),C_u,C_c及粘粒含量所构建的指标体系能较为客观、系统、合理的反应各风化产物的物理性质,可为基于风化物颗粒级配特征的泥石流对岩性的敏感性研究提供帮助。     

Gathering in Thoreau's backyard: nontimber forest product harvesting as practice

Understanding of the gathering of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) in woodlands has focused heavily on politics surrounding public lands and harvester communities. Yet forest gathering may be far more universal. This paper reports the results of a survey of residents in New England, querying whether people gather wild things and for what purposes. The results suggest that gathering in New England, and elsewhere in the developed world, is not restricted to a unique type of community or economy, but instead is a form of practice. Those analytical approaches to NTFPs that seek to produce 'alternatives' to the dominant economy may therefore ironically work to reinforce a capitalocentric view of daily life.     

长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ^13C分布

本文就长江中游9个湖泊10种水生植物的C、N、P和稳定C同位素进行了测定,水生植物C元素的平均含量为33.2±5.46%,N、P分别为1.58±0.90%和0.30±0.13%,δ13C组成变化在-27.91‰～-17.16‰之间.从水生植物的生长区域来看,叶子中的C、N和δ13C值与其所处的水环境有密切的关系.对于沉水植物,由于受到无机碳的限制,其叶子中C和N含量显著低于挺水植物及浮水植物;而同时由于水体中无机碳δ13C组成较高,使得沉水植物叶子的δ13C大于挺水植物和浮水植物.     

FT-IR Study of the Kinetics and Products of the Reactions of Dimethylsulphide, Dimethylsulphoxide and Dimethylsulphone with Br and BrO

Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of dimethylsulphide (DMS), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethylsulphone (DMSO₂) with Br atoms and BrO radicals in air have beeninvestigated using on-line Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) as analytical technique at 740 ± 5 Torr total pressure and at 296 ± 3 K in a480 L reaction chamber. Using a relative rate method for determining the rate constants; the following values (expressed in cm³molecule^–1 s^–1) were found: k_DMS+Br = (4.9 ±1.0) ×10^–14, k_DMSO + Br < 6 × 10^–14,k_{DMSO 2} + Br 1 × 10^–15,k_DMSO + BrO = (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10^–14 andk_{DMSO 2} + BrO 3 × 10^–15 (allvalues are given with one on the experimental data). DMSO, SO₂, COS, CH₃SBr andCH₃SO₂Br were identified as the main sulphur containing products of the oxidation of DMS by Br atoms. From the reaction between DMSO and Br atoms, DMSO₂and CH₃SO₂Br were the only sulphur containing products thatwere identified. DMSO, DMSO₂ and SO₂ were identified as themain sulphur containing products of the reaction between DMS and BrO.DMSO₂ was found to be the only product of the reaction between DMSO and BrO. For the reactions of DMSO₂ with Br and BrO no products were identified because the reactions were too slow.The implications of these results for atmospheric chemistry are discussed.     

STUDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES IN A EUTROPHIC SHALLOW LAKE

mooUonONEutrophicationhasdri,andwillperhapsbethemostwidespreadtypeofenviron-rnentalpollutionofwaterbodis.MostUrbanorsuburbanshallowwaterbodishaveex-perientaladetalrnan-causedeutrophhationinevitablyresultinginovergroWthofphytoplanktonandotherdramaticlakeeresySteInchangessuchasthedeCineofmacrophytes.TheensuingdeteriorationofwaterqualitycaedseriousenvirorunentalanderenoAncprobbo,bousemostoftheselakes,asidefrombeingwatefbodiesforlargescalecoInmendalfisheryusuallysupplywaterforindustryandagrict…     

Products and Mechanism of the NO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Reaction with Thiophene

Products of the gas-phase reaction of the NO₃ radical with thiophene have been investigated using different experimental systems. On the one hand, experiments have been conducted in our laboratory using two different methods, a Teflon static reactor coupled to a gas chromatograph combined with mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and a discharge flow tube with direct MS spectroscopic detection. A qualitative analysis in these cases indicates that possible products for the reaction of thiophene+NO₃ at room temperature include: sulphur dioxide, acetic and formic acids, a short-chain aldehyde, 2-nitrothiophene and 3-nitrothiophene. On the other hand, quantitative experiments have been performed in the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. In this case, the major products were: HNO₃ (≈80%), nitrothiophenes (≈30%), SO₂ (≈20%), propanal (3%) and a fraction of particles (≈10%). The results obtained indicate that at least 70% of the reaction of NO₃ with thiophene proceeds by an H-abstraction process at room temperature. The mechanism of the reaction studied is proposed on the basis of experimental results.     

PROPERTIES OF PROTEOLYTIC TOXIN OF VIBRIO ANGUILLARUM FROM DISEASED FLOUNDER

Extracellular products(ECP)produced by Vibrio anguillarum strain M3 originally isolated from diseased flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)were prepared.ECP of M3 showed gelatinase,casinase,amylase and haemolytic activity on agarose plates.High protease activity against azocasin was detected.Bacterium M3 showed highest growth and protease activity at 25℃。The Protease present in ECP showed maximal activity at pH 8 and 55℃；was completely inactivated by application of 80℃ heat for 30 min;was completely inhibited by EDTA and HgCl2,and was partially inhibited by PMSF,SDS,MnCl2 and iodoacetic acid;but not inhibited by CaCl2 and MgCl2.The ECP was toxic to flounder fish at LD50 values of 3.1 μg protein/g body weight.The addition of HgCl2 and application of heat at 50℃ decreased the lethal toxicity of ECP.When heated at 100℃,ECP lethality to flounder was completely in-hibited.After intramuscular injection of ECP into flounder,it showed evident histopathological changes including necrosis of muscle,extensive deposition of haemosiderin in the spleen,dilated bolld vessels congested with numerous lymphocytes in the liver.These results showed that ECP protease was a lethal factor produced by the baterium V.anguillarum M3.