High-pressure behavior of MnGeO3 and CdGeO3 perovskites and the post-perovskite phase transition

The stability and high-pressure behavior of perovskite structure in MnGeO₃ and CdGeO₃ were examined on the basis of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements at high pressure and temperature in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. Results demonstrate that the structural distortion of orthorhombic MnGeO₃ perovskite is enhanced with increasing pressure and it undergoes phase transition to a CaIrO₃-type post-perovskite structure above 60 GPa at 1,800 K. A molar volume of the post-perovskite phase is smaller by 1.6% than that of perovskite at equivalent pressure. In contrast, the structure of CdGeO₃ perovskite becomes less distorted from the ideal cubic perovskite structure with increasing pressure, and it is stable even at 110 GPa and 2,000 K. These results suggest that the phase transition to post-perovskite is induced by a large distortion of perovskite structure with increasing pressure.     

A Simple Theoretical Radiation Scheme for Regular Building Arrays

We propose a simple theoretical radiation scheme for regular building arrays. The essential difference of the present radiation scheme from the previous ones is the explicit consideration of the three-dimensional features of the surface geometry. The model is assumed to be an infinitely extended regular array of uniform buildings, each building composed of six faces (roof, floor, and four vertical walls). Without using time-consuming iterations or statistical approaches, we calculated the view factors of the faces, the complicated sunlit--shadow distributions, and the resulting canopy albedo for any time and location. The model was evaluated by comparing to outdoor experiments in a wide range of seasons and surface geometries. The simulated canopy albedos agreed well with measured values, and the accuracy is a significant improvement over two-dimensional-based model outputs.     

电子地图的色彩配合实验

在地图的色彩设计中,设计人员不仅要考虑色彩单独使用的效果,而且要考虑地图上各素的色彩配合,即各种色彩在图面上的整体感受效果。电子地图由于有极大的色彩选择空间,背景色不局限于白色,因而选色、配色比纸质地图更加复杂。用哪种简称颜色作为背景视觉效果较好？图面上各要素的色彩如何配合？针对这两个问题,作者设计了电子地图的一个色彩感受实验－色彩配合实验,利用自编的电子地图视觉感受测试构件（ＴＥＶＰ）进行了实验     

1999年度中俄合作岩石破裂实验研究

１９９９年１１月～１２月,俄罗斯科学院圣彼得堡Ｉｏｆｆｅ技术物理研究所Ｖ．Ｓ．Ｋｕｋ－ｓｅｎｋｏ教授等专家应邀来华,与中国地震局地球物理研究所和中国科学院地球物理研究所合作,在震源物理实验室开展分米级尺度岩石破裂实验研究。实验中采用了ＳＤＡＥ－８型系统,进行声发射地定位和实时显示。实验采用了多种典型构造模拟和加－卸载方式,取得了丰富的成果。该实验开辟了国际间实质性合作的新途径。     

Characteristics in naturally and experimentally shocked chondrites: A clue to P-T conditions of impacted asteroids

The aim of this study is to compare the experimentally shock-induced features with those in naturally shocked chondrites and to test the feasibility of experimentally calibrating naturally induced features in shocked H- and L-chondrites. Samples of the Jilin chondrite (H5) were experimentally shock-loaded at the following peak pressures: 12, 27, 39, 53, 78, 83, 93 and 133 GPa respectively. Chondritic melts were first obtained at P>78 GPa and more than 60% melting was achieved at P~133 GPa. No high-pressure phases were observed in any of the shocked samples, neither in the deformed nor in the molten regions. Textural relations and mineral assemblages of the shocked samples are comparable to those encountered in the heavily shocked H-chondrite Yanzhuang but differ considerably from those found in heavily shocked L6 chondrites. Shock melt veins in L6 chondrites contain high-pressure polymorphs of olivine and pyroxene and high pressure liquidus phases. Scaling from shock experiments on millimeter-sized samples to natural shock features on kilometer-sized asteroids poses considerable problems in quantifying the P-T conditions during natural shock events on asteroids.     

高压密封舱与磁场传感器的综合频响变异及其实验验证

大地电磁测深在陆地上的方法技术成熟, 但将其移植到海洋中却遇到了较多的技术问题.其中之一是如何将磁场传感器运抵海底实施测量.为抵御海水的侵蚀和抗衡海下的环境压力, 需要研发装载磁场传感器的密封舱.该舱体需满足测磁的技术要求, 即制造材料的非磁性, 且兼顾海洋作业设备轻便的特点.LC4超硬铝合金在可选的材料中性价比居高, 然而用它制成的高压密封舱并非十分完美.因它的弱磁性, 使得磁场传感器装入舱体后, 整体频率响应发生了部分变异.这种变异虽不影响磁场传感器的使用, 但要对其规律特征予以测定, 方能剔除由此产生的对磁场测量的不良影响.在所构思的实验装置中, 通过人为产生扫频磁场, 对密封和非密封条件下的磁场传感器进行激励.在响应输出端, 测取幅频特性和相频特性, 获得归一化的对比资料和频响异常曲线, 从而对密封前后磁场传感器的性能变化有较清楚的认识.实验结果揭示, 由高压密封舱引起的频响变异发生在中高频区段.实验数据可作为标定资料, 对海底大地电磁探测的实测信号进行校正后, 即可还原出真实的海底场源信息.      

基于正交试验和复合单元法的排水孔优化设计

排水孔是常用的工程渗控措施,其排水降压效果将直接影响工程的安全与稳定,因此,正确模拟排水孔进而优化设计尤为重要。由于影响排水效果的因素众多,优化设计需要针对多种排水孔方案进行渗流分析,计算量较大,采用正交设计法确定排水孔方案可以大大减少渗流分析次数;传统的数值模拟方法在排水孔方案改变时需要重新绘制计算网格,前处理难以实现,采用复合单元法,无需绘制排水孔网格,因而不同排水方案的渗流分析可共用一套网格,降低了前处理的工作量和难度。基于正交试验和复合单元法的排水孔优化设计的具体步骤为：确定试验指标、因素和水平;选择合适的正交表,确定渗流计算方案;对各方案依次采用复合单元法进行渗流分析;根据渗流计算结果进行极差分析和方案优选。该方法能够迅速有效地确定出“最优”的排水孔方案,具有一定的工程实用价值,实例分析表明了该方法的可行性和优越性。     

上海软土地区打入桩基长期沉降性状研究

通过对上海25栋高层建筑打入桩基长期沉降观测资料的对比分析,研究压缩层的组成与桩周土特性对打入桩基长期沉降性状的影响,指出桩周浅部厚砂土层对打入桩基长期沉降性状的影响同压缩层有密切的关系。当压缩层以准砂土为主（准砂土比 ? > 75 %）时,桩周厚砂土层对降低桩基沉降及改善沉降性状有明显作用;当准砂土比? < 50 %（或可塑性黏土比?3 > 50 %）时,桩周厚砂土层的上述作用将消失。即使在桩周存在厚砂土层时,压缩层组成对桩基沉降性状的基本特征起主导作用仍然是具有普遍意义的概念。在浅部厚砂土层中得到的上述研究结果,实际上同挤土桩施工的复杂作用有关。     

顶部既有隐伏溶洞对圆形隧道稳定性影响的数值分析

隧道穿越岩溶区施工中,既有隐伏溶洞因其具有的隐蔽洞使得在工程上不能事先采取安全措施,易遭受猝不及防的破坏,给隧道施工和运行造成了很大的安全隐患,危害性较大。针对隧道穿越岩溶区大部分常见中、小尺度既有隐伏溶洞引起的岩溶隧道稳定性问题,采用数值试验方法,系统分析了隧道顶部不同尺度和距隧道不同距离的既有隐伏溶洞对圆形隧道围岩应力、位移和支护结构内力的影响,分析了隧道顶部既有隐伏溶洞引起的隧道围岩塑性区的变化特征。在数值试验基础上,对顶部隐伏溶洞引起的隧道位移变化规律内在机制进行分析。研究表明,一定范围内的大尺度既有顶部隐伏溶洞将引起隧道位移的增加和隧道围岩拉应力的增加。研究结果可为岩溶区隧道建设提供必要的技术支持,对岩溶区隧道设计与施工的科学化、定量化具有直接的推动意义。     

溶解气运移特征砂槽模型实验研究

借助于砂槽承压含水层模型 ,以氩溶解气为研究对象 ,模拟气体聚集或稀释的异常源产生后 ,其在含水层中的运移过程。实验包括三组 ,分别模拟在不同的气源气体流量、水头压力和承压荷载条件下氩溶解气的运移过程。在实验的基础上 ,分析研究氩溶解气的运移特征 (主要包括运移模式、运移速率和溶解气峰值含量 )与气源气体流量、水位和承压荷载压力的关系。结果表明氩溶解气在低流量的范围内呈现出与离子类似的弥散特征 ,与离子不同的是氩溶解气的运移明显地受到气源气体流量的影响。