加强自然科学基金资助方向引导,推动陆地表层研究深化

着重阐述了近10年来,为推动陆地表层研究深入发展,国家自然科学基金在重点发展领域、重大研究计划、重大项目、申请代码及学科分类体系细化等层面对资助方向的引导作用。     

大兴安岭北部塔河花岗杂岩体的地球化学特征及成因

塔河杂岩体位于塔源-喜桂图缝合带北侧的额尔古纳地块东部,是早古生代侵入的花岗杂岩体。该杂岩体的主要岩石类型为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩,少量碱长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,辉长岩以包体存在于花岗岩中。岩石成因类型为典型的Ⅰ型后造山侵入体。岩体在野外地质特征、矿物组合、显微结构、化学成分及锆石Hf同位素特征等方面都表现出岩浆混合成因。在早古生代额尔古纳地块与兴安地块拼合后的后造山伸展拉张背景下,地壳和地幔都发生部分熔融,直接起源于亏损地幔的玄武质岩浆侵入到下地壳熔融的花岗质岩浆房,经结晶分异作用,形成了塔河杂岩体不同的岩石类型。花岗岩的εHf(t)为-0.8~+5.6之间,Hf模式年龄在0.9~1.5Ga之间,反映塔河花岗岩的源岩应该是在中-新元古代时期由亏损地幔起源的新生地壳物质。结合额尔古纳地块早古生代和中生代花岗岩锆石Hf同位素资料,我们认为额尔古纳地块在中-新元古代时曾发生过一次重要的地壳增生事件。     

High-Nb hawaiite–mugearite and high-Mg calc-alkaline lavas from northeastern Iran: Oligo-Miocene melts from modified mantle wedge

Tertiary volcanic rocks in northwestern Firoozeh, Iran (the Meshkan triangular structural unit), constitute vast outcrops (up to 250 km²) of high-Mg basaltic andesites to dacites that are associated with high-Nb hawaiites and mugearites. Whole-rock ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages show a restricted range of 24.1 ± 0.4–22.9 ± 0.5 Ma for the volcanic rocks. The initial ratios of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd vary from 0.703800 to 0.704256 and 0.512681 to 0.512877, respectively, in the high-Mg basaltic andesites–dacites. High-Th contents (up to 11 ppm) and Sr/Y values (27–100) and the isotopic composition of the subalkaline high-Mg basaltic andesites–dacites indicate derivation from a mantle modified by slab and sediment partial melts. Evidence such as reverse zoning and resorbed textures and high Ni and Cr contents in the evolved samples indicate that magma mixing with mafic melts and concurrent fractional crystallization lead to the compositional evolution of this series. The high-Nb hawaiites and mugearites, by contrast, have a sodic alkaline affinity and are silica undersaturated; they are also enriched in Nb (up to 47 ppm) and a wide range of incompatible trace elements, including LILE, LREE, and HFSE. Geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of the high-Nb hawaiites and mugearites suggest derivation from a mantle source affected by lower degrees of slab melts. Post-orogenic slab break-off is suggested to have prompted the asthenospheric upwelling that triggered partial melting in mantle metasomatized by slab-derived melts.     

露天矿非工作帮移动监测及滑坡规律性讨论

根 据 某露 天 煤 矿 非工 作 帮 移 动监 测 的 多 年资 料 ,总 结 出 露 天矿 非 工 作 帮的 监 测 方 法,并 初 步探 讨 了 露 天 矿非 工作 帮 移动 滑坡 的 规律 性。     

干旱区典型绿洲地表温度与植被覆盖度相关性研究

 绿洲空间热环境的研究是深入了解绿洲-沙漠间,以及绿洲内部物质能量流动机理的重要手段。利用TM/ETM+遥感影像反演了于田地区地表温度以及植被覆盖度,在统计地表温度-植被覆盖度二维散点图的基础上,研究不同结构区域下绿洲地表温度与植被覆盖度的相关关系。结果表明:①于田地区地表温度与植被覆盖度呈显著负相关关系,相关系数在-0.79158和-0.48816范围之间。②从1991年到2002年,于田绿洲内部区域地表温度与植被覆盖度散点图上各点分布由密集到分散,表明原有相对整体的植被覆盖地块被打散,成为多种土地类型交错的破碎化地块。③外部荒漠带及绿洲与荒漠交错带区域地表温度与植被覆盖度散点图上各点分布由分散到集中,表明绿洲外部荒漠化程度的逐年加剧,导致了绿洲外围植被覆盖有所降低,植被物种单一,植被多样性也呈现下降趋势。     

The mechanisms of shallow earthquakes and the monitoring of a comprehensive test ban

The ability of seismological criteria to identify earthquakes from underground explosions depends partly on the orientation of the earthquake source. Well-determined double-couple moment tensor solutions for a large number of earthquakes have been published in the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) and United Slates Geological Survey (USGS) catalogues. Statistical analyses of these catalogues indicate that the distribution of the orientation of earthquake mechanisms is not random. The distribution of the T axes shows significant clustering around the downward vertical, indicating that a larger number of earthquake mechanisms radiate compressional P -wave energy to teleseismic distances from near the maximum of the radiation pattern than is predicted if earthquake sources are randomly oriented double couples. The clustered T axes correspond to compressional dip-slip mechanisms, and it is this type of mechanism which is believed to cause both the m _b: M _s (the ratio of body-wave to surface-wave magnitude) and first-motion criteria to misidentify an earthquake as an explosion.     

月面环境与月壤特性研究的主要问题探讨

月面环境与月壤特性是月球探测和月球科学研究的重要基础,对它们的研究一直在不断加深,本文对月球表面地形地貌、热环境以及月壤特性三个方面的研究现状进行了总结,初步分析了这三个方面研究目前存在的一些主要问题：（1）地形地貌对月球定量遥感的影响以及南极艾特肯（SPA）盆地等地貌单元的年代学划分和成因演化;（2）月面热辐射、月表物理温度和热流等月面热环境特征的进一步探测和全面分析,以及其对地球反照率变化的响应;（3）月壤形成演化过程及空间风化作用,月球极区氢富集机制和水冰探测,以及月球资源开发利用。     

The suspended sediment concentration distribution in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The distribution of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea (BYECS) is studied based on the observed turbidity data and model simulation results. The observed turbidity results show that (i) the highest SSC is found in the coastal areas while in the outer shelf sea areas turbid water is much more difficult to observe, (ii) the surface layer SSC is much lower than the bottom layer SSC and (iii) the winter SSC is higher than the summer SSC. The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used to simulate the SSC distribution in the BYECS. A comparison between the modeled SSC and the observed SSC in the BYECS shows that the modeled SSC can reproduce the principal features of the SSC distribution in the BYECS. The dynamic mechanisms of the sediment erosion and transport processes are studied based on the modeled results. The horizontal distribution of the SSC in the BYECS is mainly determined by the current-wave induced bottom stress and the fine-grain sediment distribution. The current-induced bottom stress is much higher than the wave-induced bottom stress, which means the tidal currents play a more significant role in the sediment resuspension than the wind waves. The vertical mixing strength is studied based on the mixed layer depth and the turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the BYECS. The strong winter time vertical mixing, which is mainly caused by the strong wind stress and surface cooling, leads to high surface layer SSC in winter. High surface layer SSC in summer is restricted in the coastal areas.     

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南海长链烯酮化合物的检测及U37^k值的应用

首次系统地在南海大面积站位中检测出长链烯酮化合物。通过长链烯酮指标Ｕ３７ｋ与实测表层海水温度（ＳＳＴ）的对比研究,发现海洋沉积物样品在室温下长期（１７ａ）密封保存,长链烯酮指标Ｕ３７ｋ值无明显变化。Ｕ３７ｋ值在南海海区指示的表层海水温度与季节有关,主要反映秋、冬两季,即１０月至次年３月间的ＳＳＴ。