Towards realistic flow modelling. Creation and evaluation of two-dimensional simulated porous media: An image analysis approach

This work is part of an attempt to quantify the relationship between the permeability tensor (K) and the micro-structure of natural porous media. A brief account is first provided of popular theories used to relate the micro-structure toK. Reasons for the lack of predictive power and restricted generality of current models are discussed. An alternative is an empirically based implicit model whereinK is expressed as a consequence of a few pore-types arising from the dynamics of depositional processes. The analytical form of that implicit model arises from evidence of universal association between pore-type and throat size in sandstones and carbonates. An explicit model, relying on the local change of scale technique is then addressed. That explicit model allows, from knowledge of the three-dimensional micro-geometry to calculateK explicitly without having recourse to any constitutive assumptions. The predictive and general character of the explicit model is underlined. The relevance of the change of scale technique is recalled to be contingent on the availability of rock-like three-dimensional synthetic media. A random stationary ergodic process is developed, that allows us to generate three-dimensional synthetic media from a two-dimensional autocorrelation functionr( _x , _y ) and associated probability density function measured on a single binary image. The focus of this work is to ensure the rock-like character of those synthetic media. This is done first through a direct approach:n two-dimensional synthetic media, derived from single set ( ,r( _x , _y )) yieldn permeability tensorsK _i-1,n ⁱ (calculated by the local change of scale) of the same order. This is a necessary condition to ensure thatr( _x , _y ) and carry all structural information relevant toK. The limits of this direct approach, in terms of required Central Process Unit time and Memory is underlined, raising the need for an alternative. This is done by comparing the pore-type content of a sandstone sample andn synthetic media derived fromr( _x , _y ) and measured on that sandstone-sample. Achievement of a good match ensures that the synthetic media comprise the fundamental structural level of all natural sandstones, that is a domainal structure of well-packed clusters of grains bounded by loose-packed pores.     

Study of the Difference between Seismogenic Deformation and Deformation by Permanent Tectonic Movement

Ground deformation may be caused by crustal movement and non-crustal movement.The non-crustal movements include those caused by temperature,rainfall,ground water,etc.Deformation caused by crustal movement includes seismogenic deformation(that appearing in the process of earthquake preparation and that directly caused by the earthquake)and general tectonic activities.The key point in the study of the relationship between ground deformation and earthquakes is how to eliminate information of deformation caused by non-crustal movement and permanent(or slow)tectonic deformation in observed data.In this paper an analysis is made on the short leveling data recorded at Dahuichang Deformation-Observing Station,Beijing,for 22 years(1970-1991)by using the LMS algorithm method after lateral adaptive filtering of the modern digital signal processing technique.Eliminating the approximate annual variation in deformation caused by non-crustal movement such as temperature,rainfall,ground water,etc.,a unified standard is     

Macroseismic evidence and site effects for the Lunigiana (Italy) 1995 Earthquake

On October 10, 1995, an M_L= 4.8 (ING) earthquake occurred in the region of Lunigiana (northwestern Italy). The shock was felt over a large area and produced significant damage. We performed a macroseismic survey and damage zonation and assessed a maximum intensity VII MCS in the epicentral area. The damage pattern, that we investigated in detail for some of the villages in the most heavily damaged area, emphasises the role of surface geology in amplifying the effects. Topographic effects and near-surface geology are largely responsible for broadening the damage area. Given the moderate size of the earthquake, many of the macroseismic observations, including rotations of objects and the propagation of visible waves in the ground, are suggestive of amplification phenomena.     

江苏里下河平原局地温度的计算

应用气候学温度方程,在求出江苏里下河平原地理因素对局地温度影响的同时,着重分析下垫面环境条件对局地温度的贡献。最后建立的局地温度计算方程,由于增加了下垫面的影响项,因而计算值更接近实际。经检验,效果极为显著。     

合肥地区超压密粉土-砂层的性状与地基评价

本文论述了合肥地区超压密粉土—砂层的分布及其物理力这性质。通过多种方法计算对比,综合确定了地基承载力与桩的端阻力。认为可以作为中高层建筑的桩基或箱（筏）基持力层。并对地层时代归属作了探讨。     

Conditional LAS stochastic simulation of regionalized variables in random fields

Ore reserves forecasts are required to aid in investment decisions, mine design and valuation, short and long term production plans and proper and efficient mill design. In random multivariable fields with limited data and high levels of uncertainty, the kriged block estimates produce a smoothing effect resulting in underestimating high values and overestimating low values. The modified conditional simulation (MCS) methodology solves these problems by simulating the random field to preserve its mean and the variance structure. The simulation model is conditioned to reproduce the data at known sample points to minimize the variability between the simulated data and the true field data. In this study, the authors develop the MCS methodology to simulate ore reserve grades using the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) and the local average subdivision (LAS) techniques. The MCS methodology is applied to simulate block grades in a section of the Sabi Gold Project in Zimbabwe. The results are compared with the kriged estimates for this section. Analysis of the results shows that the MCS methodology reproduces the known sample grades with minimum estimation error of 0.001 while the estimation error associated with the kriged estimates is 1.104, a 100% efficiency of the MCS method over the kriging technique.     

河道洪水实时预报的半自适应模型研究

提出和讨论了基于马斯京根流量演算河道洪水实时预报的半自适应滤波模型.在该模型中量测误差系列的协方差矩阵可以通过信息更新系列实时估计出来,只有模型误差系列的协方差矩阵需要预先给出.提出了一个处理区间入流较为合理、方便的方法.通过验证和应用说明了该模型的合理性.     

南秦岭隆滑构造

在南秦岭,发生于加里东─—海西期的隆滑构造,由基底杂岩、滑覆层状岩系和其之间的滑脱构造带组成。它是主选山期前,在盆地演化过程中,由地慢上隆,导致基底减压深熔,并局部隆起,并引起上覆层状岩系分层滑脱所形成的一套地质要素组合。它与形成于主造山以后的“变反核条岩”在造山带演化过程的动力学意义有着本质的区别。     

对加快开发赣北某复杂类型金矿的几点认识

本文针对赣北某复杂类型金矿目前勘查及民采现状,认为进一步扩大勘查范围,提高勘探程度,才能为下一步矿区开发提供资源保证,文中还着重介绍了近年来矿区民采活动所取得的一些成功经验,对如何加快开发该金矿谈了几点认识。     

贵州威宁X波段双偏振雷达反射率因子的衰减订正分析

针对贵州威宁X波段双偏振雷达的衰减订正问题,在利用综合小波去噪方法对差分传播相移ФDP进行质量控制基础上,基于自适应衰减订正算法对雷达反射率因子ZH进行衰减订正分析,订正结果与昭通C波段新一代天气雷达进行对比,结果表明：（1）综合小波去噪能够有效去除ФDP存在的脉动和毛刺,保证ФDP的连续性和平滑度;（2）订正前后雷达反射率因子在距离雷达较近处（20-35 km）强度廓线基本重合,订正前后差别不大,随着对流区（雨区）距离的增加,电磁信号出现衰减,订正后反射率值加强,总体上订正后的反射率值比订正前高1-12 dB,其中在35～75 km距离范围内,订正后的反射率值达到50 dBz以上,雷达反射率因子更加接近真实情况;（3）使用综合小波去噪配合自适应衰减订正算法可以提高雷达反射率因子衰减订正的准确率,方法具有普适性,在今后科研业务中可以采用该订正方法以进一步提高对粒子相态识别、降水估测精度。