盐膏层造斜井段井眼缩径及套管外载数值模拟

盐膏层是油气成藏的良好盖层,塔里木盆地多个大型油气藏都属于巨厚盐下油气藏,为了提高单井产能,决定采用定向井和水平井来开发盐下油气藏。由于盐膏层距离产层较近,需要在盐膏层进行造斜。造斜井段盐膏层井眼的缩径规律及其对套管外载的影响国内外鲜有报道。应用有限元方法建立了造斜井段砂岩和盐膏岩地层、水泥环及套管耦合的三维力学模型,以塔里木羊塔克区块岩石力学测试成果为基础,研究得到造斜段井斜和方位对井眼缩径及套管外载的影响规律。该研究成果成功应用于塔里木巨厚盐下定向井、水平井轨迹设计,钻遇盐膏层泥浆密度的确定和井身结构设计,为塔里木盐膏层钻井、完井施工提供了重要的理论参考。     

大直径深长钻孔灌注桩竖向承载力特性试验研究

在唐山LNG罐区对9根大直径钢筋混凝土灌注桩进行了竖向荷载现场试验,其中桩端后注浆工艺试桩3根,三岔双向挤扩工艺试桩3根,挤扩支盘工艺试桩3根。基于现场静荷载和桩身应力测试结果,分析了3种不同施工工艺钻孔灌注桩竖向荷载传递规律。试验结果表明：3种不同施工工艺的大直径深长钻孔灌注桩试桩荷载-沉降曲线没有明显拐点,后注浆工艺试桩荷载传递过程表现为摩擦桩的特性,桩侧阻力几乎承担全部荷载,而三岔双向挤扩支盘工艺和挤扩支盘工艺试桩荷载传递过程表现为端承摩擦桩的特性,桩端阻力占总荷载的20%～30%;3种不同施工工艺试桩的轴力及桩-土相对位移变化规律基本相似,桩侧桩端阻力非同步发挥且相互影响,桩侧摩阻力均表现出强化现象。对整个罐区要求单桩承载力特征值不小于8 100 kN。3种施工工艺的钻孔灌注桩承载力均能满足要求。     

基坑开挖对下卧运营地铁既有箱体影响的实测及分析

天津西站交通枢纽西青道下沉隧道工程上跨于已运营天津地铁1号线区间既有箱体,其上跨段隧道底板距既有箱体顶板仅0.3 m,需对其可能引起的既有隧道变形进行严格控制。设计中对运营线路有针对性地提出地基加固、分段开挖、及时堆载回压等施工方案及措施。通过对西青道下沉隧道下邻近既有地铁隧道的抗浮桩、三轴水泥搅拌桩施工和基坑开挖阶段的监测数据进行分析,研究了不同施工阶段的地铁箱体及轨道变形规律及特点。实测结果表明,在邻近既有地铁隧道处施工钻孔灌注桩可引起既有隧道下沉,基坑开挖可引起既有隧道上浮。分块开挖、分段压载并结合信息化施工可有效控制因开挖卸荷引起的既有隧道竖向位移及隧道箱体之间的差异变形。     

双圆盾构施工引起邻近地下管线附加荷载的分析

利用弹性力学的Mindlin解,对孙统立公式进行修正,推导得到双圆盾构正面附加推力和盾壳摩擦力引起的土体附加应力计算公式。假定土体为Winkler模型,采用随机介质理论,推导得到土体损失引起的竖向土体附加应力计算公式。研究了双圆盾构施工在邻近垂直交叉地下管线上引起的附加荷载大小及分布规律。研究结果表明：双圆盾构盾壳摩擦力引起的地下管线附加荷载较大;正面附加推力引起的附加荷载较小,可忽略;竖向附加荷载主要由土体损失引起,最大值一般出现在中轴线上方,当地下管线与盾构之间距离较小时,附加荷载最大值出现在左右单圆圆心附近的位置。     

偏心受压厚壁圆筒支护结构的应力分析

厚壁圆筒由于能充分发挥材料的抗压特性而越来越多地应用到基坑支护结构工程之中,传统的设计计算主要是在均布压力作用下厚壁圆筒的拉梅解。为了解决实际工程中经常遇到的偏心受压问题,给出了一个偏心荷载作用下厚壁圆筒的应力解析解,并结合工程实例对圆筒支护结构受力进行简化处理后,将解析解应用于计算偏心受压厚壁圆筒支护结构中的拉应力,特别是讨论了地下水位不均匀变化、地面不均匀堆载和土层不均衡开挖等可能会引起较大的圆筒环向拉应力和在圆筒内、外表面产生竖向裂缝,从而对圆筒支护结构产生不利影响。有利于指导对圆筒截面的配筋和控制基坑的开挖施工。     

双圆盾构隧道施工对平行既有隧道的影响分析

对双圆（DOT）盾构隧道周围土体采用椭圆形非等量径向位移模式,在镜像法基本原理上,推导土体损失引起的附加应力计算公式,研究双圆盾构正面附加推力、双圆盾构机与土体之间的摩擦力以及土体损失在平行既有隧道上引起的总的附加荷载的分布规律。研究结果表明,附加荷载的变化规律与双圆盾构机和邻近平行隧道的相对位置密切相关,是一个三维问题;随着双圆盾构机开挖面通过前后,附加荷载由压力变为拉力;土体损失是引起相邻隧道上附加荷载的主要因素,其次分别是盾壳摩擦力和正面附加推力;已建隧道受到的附加荷载变化规律与其和双圆盾构机的净距 S 密切相关,随着 S 的减 小,附加荷载急剧增大;随着平行既有隧道轴线埋深的变化,在轴线位置处,双圆盾构机对平行既有隧道的附加荷载影响最大。     

Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Basin, China

The paper is concerned with identifying changes in the time series of water and sediment discharge of the Zhujiang (Pearl River), China. The gradual trend test (Mann–Kendall test), and abrupt change test (Pettitt test), have been employed on annual water discharge and sediment load series (from the 1950s–2004) at nine stations in the main channels and main tributaries of the Zhujiang. Both the Mann–Kendall and Pettitt tests indicate that water discharge at all stations in the Zhujiang Basin showed no significant trend or abrupt shift. Annual water discharges are mainly influenced by precipitation variability, while the construction of reservoirs/dams in the Zhujiang Basin had little influence on water discharge. Sediment load, however, showed significant decreasing trends at some stations in the main channel of the Xijiang and Dongjiang. More stations have seen significantly decreasing trends since the 1990s. The decreasing sediment load in the Zhujiang reflects the impacts of reservoir construction in the basin. In contrast, the Liujiang, the second largest tributary of the Xijiang, has experienced a significant upward shift of sediment load around 1991 likely caused by exacerbated rock desertification in the karst regions. The annual sediment load from the Zhujiang (excluding the delta region) to the estuary has declined from 80.4 × 10⁶ t averaged for the period 1957–1995 to 54.0 × 10⁶ t for the period 1996–2004. More specifically, the sediment load declined steadily since the early 1990s so that in 2004 it was about one-third of the mean level of pre-90s. Water discharge and sediment load of the Zhujiang would be more affected by human activities in the future with the further reservoir developments, especially the completion of the Datengxia hydroelectric project, and an intensification of the afforestation policy in the drainage basin.     

Graded and uniform bed load sediment transport in a degrading channel

Twenty runs of experiments are carried out to investigate non-equilibrium transport of graded and uniform bed load sediment in a degrading channel. Well-sorted gravel and sand are employed to compose four kinds of sediment beds with different gravel/sand contents, i.e., uniform 100%gravel bed, uniform 100% sand bed, and two graded sediment beds respectively with 53% gravel and 47% sand as well as 22%gravel and 78%sand. For different sediment beds, the experiments are conducted under the same discharges, thereby allowing for the role of sediment composition in dictating the bed load transport rate to be identified. A new observed dataset is generated concerning the flow, sediment transport and evolution of bed elevation and composition, which can be exploited to underpin devel-opments of mathematical river models. The data shows that in a degrading channel, the sand greatly promotes the transport of gravel, whilst the gravel considerably hinders the transport of sand. The promoting and hindering effects are evaluated by means of impact factors defined based on sediment transport rates. The impact factors are shown to vary with flow discharge by orders of magnitude, being most pronounced at the lowest discharge. It is characterized that variations in sand or gravel inputs as a result of human activities and climate change may lead to severe morphological changes in degrading channels.     

煤层气井有杆泵排水采气设备示功图

煤层气井示功图直观表现了悬点载荷的变化规律,可为有杆泵设备设计计算提供重要依据。基于有杆排采设备的运动学和动力学分析,建立了计算悬点各载荷的数学模型,给出煤层气井不同开采过程的静力和动力示功图。实例分析结果表明,静力示功图接近于稳定生产后的示功图,代表了悬点载荷变化的基本规律,是分析实际示功图的基础;动力示功图在考虑动载荷的影响后,呈现出波动和偏斜的形状,考虑摩擦力的作用后,示功图的上缘向上平移,下缘则下移。煤层气井动载荷和摩擦力所占的比例分别达到15%和5%,这就加大了悬点载荷的变化幅度与不平衡性。随冲次的降低,示功图的下缘远离零线,上缘则逐渐远离下缘,而且惯性载荷和振动载荷影响的减小,使得上下缘的倾斜度逐渐降低,波动幅度不断变小。煤层气井杆管总变形量较小,与冲程的比值仅为10%左右,且随冲次的降低,总变形量和静变形量逐渐增大,而动变形量不断变小。      

In situ tests simulating traffic-load-induced settlement of alluvial silt subsoil

In China, The Yellow River delta is the youngest large river delta, and the low liquid limit alluvial silt is widely distributed there. The silt is easy to liquefy so that the silt subsoil shows large settlement under traffic load. At present, few in situ model tests were conducted to study the traffic-load-induced settlement of silt subsoil. Therefore, a falling-weight simulation equipment of traffic load was developed. By adjusting the technical parameters such as the falling height of the weight, different types of traffic loads can be well simulated. With the equipment, in situ tests were carried out to study cumulative settlement of silt subsoil in the Yellow River delta. Tests indicate that the settlement and excess pore water pressures rapidly grow initially and then tend to be stable with increasing the number of load cycles, and they also increase with the magnitude of the traffic load. When the load attains a threshold value, liquefaction takes place in the silt subsoil. After terminating loading, the pore water pressure rapidly decreases and the settlement increases simultaneously, while after one hour they tend to stabilize. Based on Chai–Miura cumulative deformation model of soil, the traffic-load-induced cumulative settlement of silt subsoil was calculated and compared with the test results. The calculated cumulative settlement with increasing number of load cycles agrees well with the test results, except the initial phase of cyclic loading where the settlement observed in the situ tests is overestimated. This is mainly because Chai–Miura model assumes undrained conditions while the subsoil under traffic loads is partly drained.