石榴石流变学研究的某些进展

简要概述了近年来石榴石的晶体结构,高温高压实验,显微构造及其变形机制等领域的研究现状和进展;结合大别山榴辉岩的研究成果,着重讨论了石榴石的变形机制及其运动学特征,认为大别山燕窝榴辉岩中的石榴石经受了两期变形作用;早期变形是在榴辉岩相条件下,表现为塑性变形,其变形机制为简单剪切;而晚期变形则发生在角闪岩相条件下,表现为脆性变形的特点。     

考虑注浆材料流变的隧道施工土层变形计算

在盾构隧道施工过程中背后注浆是必不可少的,注浆材料在逐步卸载的压力作用下由流动状态变化到固体状态,注浆材料的变形特性将与恒载作用有区别。针对南京地铁1号线实际工程盾构隧道施工注浆材料,进行了卸载条件和恒载条件下注浆材料的流变试验,得到了非线性流变的试验曲线和拟合的流变方程;在半无限空间圆孔扩张位移理论解和注浆材料的流变试验结果的基础上,推求得到隧道所在土层的位移解,确定了位移的影响范围,讨论了地表沉降计算结果的合理性,初步建议确定隧道施工应保护区域的确定原则。     

湘东北地区晚燕山期细碧质玄武岩的发现及地质意义

湘东北地区发育一套晚燕山期(距今85~95Ma)的细碧质玄武岩。该岩石具碱性-拉斑质玄武岩亲和性,矿物成份以钠长石为主,呈斑状和交织结构,气孔—杏仁构造发育。富钠低钾,轻稀土元素富集而重稀土元素亏损,大离子亲石元素(LILE)可变地亏损或富集,高场强元素(HFSE)Th、U、Ti和Hf相对富集而Y、Yb、Zr、P及Nb和Ta表现适度的亏损。Nd同位素成份(εNd(t)=-1.29~0.66)则暗示该岩石并不起源于软流圈地幔。结合中生代华南地区特别是江南造山带大地构造演化,该细碧质玄武岩应产于板内构造环境,起源于一个不太富集的陆下岩石圈地幔低度熔融,可能与晚三叠世扬子地块与华北地块的碰撞导致华南大陆内部因古缝合线或古深断裂活化而诱发的陆内造山事件有关。湘东北晚燕山期细碧质玄武岩是华南燕山期陆内造山运动的后造山阶段于距今90Ma左右开始的岩石圈沿长沙—平江断裂伸展裂陷的产物。郯庐断裂可能向南延伸至湖南境内。     

流变物质对软土流变参数影响的蠕变试验

流变性是软土的一种长期变形特性,对软土地基的沉降产生重要影响。现有研究表明,软土中高黏性的流变物质是产生其流变特性的主要物质因素,当流变物质分布具有一定均匀性时其流变特性与流变物质的分布形态无关,仅与流变物质本身性质和含量比例相关。通过蠕变试验研究了流变物质对软土流变参数的影响,视强亲水性的膨润土微小颗粒为具有高黏性的流变物质,均匀地把其掺入到人工土试样中进行一维压缩蠕变试验,引入基于邓肯非线性弹性的流变元件模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合分析,根据流变物质含量确定流变模型参数的变化规律,建立了模型等效黏滞系数、等效弹性模量和邓肯非线性弹性模量与膨润土（流变物质）含量的关系。模型拟合分析发现,基于邓肯非线性弹性的软土流变元件模型与试验结果具有良好一致性,模型参数与流变物质含量之间关系为双曲线方程。     

扬子地块东段若干橄揽岩包体的温度－压力计算

采自江苏省六合地区的１１个尖晶石相橄榄岩包体,用电子探针和质子探针精确测定其中橄榄石和辉石的主量和微量成分,采用新近校准的适用于尖晶石相包体的橄榄石一单斜辉石地质压力计和二辉石地质温度计,计算了包体中共生矿物对的平衡温度和压力。其中ＢＭ８５计算的温度比ＢＫＮ９０的约低５０℃左右。而经Ｂｒｅｙ和Ｋｏｈｌｅｒ修改的ＢＭ８５温度计得到的结果与ＢＫＮ９０的几乎相同。假定压力为１．５ＧＰａ,用ＢＫＮ９０计算,１１个包体样品的温度范围为７２２℃～１１９３℃,它大体上反映了扬子地块东段大陆岩石圈地使尖晶石相部分的温度状态。橄榄石一单斜辉石地质压力计用于本样品组计算,仅部分样品获得合理的结果。由于该压力计自身的误差较大,尚不能精确确定尖晶石相橄榄岩的压力。     

浅议古板块构造单元划分原则

板块构造理论是古板块分区的基础。古板块构造分区和命名必须有明确的时空概念。按照威尔逊旋回，大洋俯冲阶段的构造分带最复杂、最明显，应该以该阶段作为分区的时间区间，一级构造单元是岩石图板块，以大洋型蛇绿混杂岩带作为分区界线；二级构造单元以地壳性质作为分区原则，可分为过渡壳和陆壳，地壳性质依据蛇绿岩（套）、沉积建造、岩浆岩组合特征来综合判别；三级构造单元是在二级构造区内以沉积岩、火山岩、岩浆岩建造的显著差异为分区原则，如岛弧弧盆带内分为弧前隆起、弧前盆地、岛弧带、弧间盆地、弧后盆地，在陆壳区内分为稳定陆壳区及活动陆壳区。四级构造单元是在三级构造区内以构造形态或局部地质特征作为分区原则，分为复背斜、复向斜、断褶带、岩浆岩带、蛇绿混杂岩带等。     

华北克拉通岩石圈地幔置换作用和壳幔生长耦合的Re-Os同位素证据

测定了辽宁复县奥陶纪金伯利岩和河北汉诺坝与山东栖霞第三纪碱性玄武岩中产出的地幔包体的Re Os同位素组成。金伯利岩中地幔包体的Re贫化Os同位素模式年龄 (TRD)为 2 .5～ 2 .8Ga ,从Re Os同位素定年角度证明了华北克拉通确实存在太古宙岩石圈地幔。对汉诺坝二辉橄榄岩包体获得了 (1.9± 0 .18)Ga的Re Os同位素等时线年龄 ,表明现今保存在那里的地幔主要是古元古代时形成的。汉诺坝地区出露有大量新太古代岩石 ,表明曾存在太古宙地幔。由于缺乏太古宙年龄 ,说明由汉诺坝所代表的克拉通中部曾存在的太古宙地幔在古元古代时已被减薄 ,并被 1.9Ga的新生岩石圈地幔置换。该事件与华北克拉通中部广泛的古元古代碰撞造山过程导致的麻粒岩相变质作用的时代相同 ,说明有关的岩石圈置换作用可能主要与拆沉作用有关。栖霞地幔包体具有与现代对流地幔相同的Os同位素组成 ,且Os同位素组成与Re/Os比值没有明显相关性 ,表明年龄很新。结合其它地质地球化学证据 ,说明克拉通东部的太古宙岩石圈地幔的置换作用主要发生在中生代 ,且可能与三叠纪华北和扬子陆块的陆陆碰撞造山导致的岩石圈地幔和下地壳的拆沉作用有关。本研究表明华北克拉通岩石圈地幔置换作用在时空上的分布是十分不均一的。 2 .5～ 2 .8Ga与 1.9Ga不仅?     

湘赣地区中生代镁铁质岩浆作用与岩石圈伸展

综合分析了华南内部中生代 (178～ 80Ma)镁铁质岩石的年代学和元素同位素地球化学特征。研究表明区内主要发育 4期镁铁质岩浆活动 :2 2 0Ma± ,175Ma± ,12 0～ 15 0Ma ,80～ 90Ma ,其中 2 2 0Ma仅在道县发育辉长岩包体。地球化学上区内 175Ma左右的宁远太阳山和赣中项家碱性玄武岩和 80～ 90Ma的镁铁质岩石主要表现为Hawaii OIB玄武岩的元素同位素地球化学特征 ,而175Ma的其他镁铁质岩石表现为岩石圈地幔属性。 12 0～ 15 0Ma的镁铁质岩石则介于岩石圈地幔端员与软流圈地幔端员之间。时、空上表现为以郴州—临武断裂为界 ,西侧自 170Ma左右的EMI型为主向 80～ 90Ma的OIB型为主迁移演化 ,而东侧则自老而新自EMII型 (175Ma)为主演变为以OIB型 (80～ 90Ma)为主。上述资料暗示区内至少存在 4期强烈的岩石圈减薄作用 ,软流圈物质上涌和岩石圈伸展减薄是华南中生代岩浆作用形成的主要机制。但 2 2 0Ma左右的伸展减薄范围局限 ,而较大规模的岩石圈伸展减薄和软流圈上涌始于 178Ma ,其形成可能与华南印支造山作用的后造山 (或后碰撞 )拉张裂解地球动力学背景有关。同时也暗示郴州—临武断裂可能是界定中生代EMI型扬子岩石圈和EMII型华夏岩石圈地幔的重要边界。     

Secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China craton: evidence from peridotitic xenoliths from Late Cretaceous mafic rocks in the Jiaodong region,east-central China

The Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China craton remains poorly constrained relative to its Palaeozoic and Cenozoic counterparts due to a lack of mantle xenoliths in volcanic rocks. Available data show that the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle was distinctive in terms of its major, trace element, and isotopic compositions. The recent discovery of mantle peridotitic xenoliths in Late Cretaceous mafic rocks in the Jiaodong region provides an opportunity to further quantify the nature and secular evolution of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the region. These peridotitic xenoliths are all spinel-facies nodules and two groups, high-Mg# and low-Mg# types, can be distinguished based on textural and mineralogical features. High-Mg# peridotites have inequigranular textures, high Mg# (up to 92.2) in olivines, and high Cr# (up to 55) in spinels. Clinopyroxenes in the high-Mg# peridotites are generally LREE-enriched ((La/Yb)_N>1) with variable REE concentrations, and have enriched Sr–Nd isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7046–0.7087; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.5121–0.5126). We suggest that the high-Mg# peridotites are fragments of the Archaean and/or Proterozoic lithospheric mantle that underwent extensive interaction with both carbonatitic and silicate melts prior to or during Mesozoic time. The low-Mg# peridotites are equigranular, are typified by low Mg# ( < 90) in olivines, and by low Cr# ( < 12) in spinels. Clinopyroxenes from low-Mg# peridotites have low REE abundances (ΣREE = 12 ppm), LREE-depleted REE patterns ((La/Yb)_N < 1), and depleted Sr–Nd isotopic features, in contrast to the high-Mg# peridotites. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the low-Mg# peridotites represent samples from the newly accreted lithospheric mantle. Combined with the data of mantle xenoliths from the Junan and Daxizhuang areas, a highly heterogeneous, secular evolution of the lithosphere is inferred for the region in Late Cretaceous time.     

Petrologic origin of exsolution textures in mantle minerals: evidence in pyroxenitic xenoliths from Yakutia kimberlites

Exsolution lamellae in pyroxene and garnet porphyroblasts in pyroxenite xenoliths from the Mir, Udachnaya, and Obnazhennaya kimberlites (Siberian Craton) reveal a diverse suite of exsolved phases, including oxides (spinels, ilmenite, rutile, and chromite), pyroxene, and garnet. Textural characteristics suggest that exsolved phases progressively increased in volumetric proportions, and in some cases, the bulk xenoliths transformed from a lithology dominated by coarse grains (i.e. > 2 cm; megacrystalline) to a significantly finer-grained texture (i.e. < 1 cm).

These exsolved lamellae are the result of a complex and protracted sub solidus history following magmatic crystallization. Equilibrium pressure–temperature estimates place these xenoliths at low-to-moderate pressure–temperature conditions (690–910°C and 2.0–4.5 GPa) in the lithospheric mantle at the time of entrainment in the kimberlite. However, reconstructed compositions of initial pyroxene and garnet crystals suggest that this suite of pyroxenites formed at considerably higher temperatures and pressures that, in some instances, may have approached the majorite stability field. Pyroxenites that do not contain primary garnet may have been derived from shallower depths.

Progressive exsolution in these pyroxenites is of importance inasmuch as such processes can permit localized changes in rheological properties and may also accommodate strain within portions of lithospheric mantle. Because most xenolith studies focus on peridotites and eclogites, the pyroxenite sample suite studied in this work represents an important contribution towards a greater understanding of the Siberian lithospheric mantle.