重金属污水对木榄幼苗几种保护酶及膜脂质过氧化作用的影响

用5个级别的人工复合重金属污水处理红树植物木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza幼苗,2个月后对其叶片和根系中的保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性变化以及对膜脂质过氧化作用的影响进行分析。结果显示,当污染级别不大于5倍污水时,根系中SOD活性随污染程度的增加而增加,污染程度再升级其活性迅速下降但仍高于对照组水平;叶片中SOD活性在1倍污水时与对照组相比有所下降,随后的变化与在根系中的变化相似。POD活性在根系和叶片中的变化相对一致,均随污染级别的增加而升高;但在叶片中的变化幅度大于根系中的变化幅度。CAT活性在叶片中不受污染程度的影响,保持平稳,但在高程度污染下活性有下降趋势;而根系中CAT活性在10倍污水时达到最大值,污染程度再升级其活性下降。叶片中膜脂质过氧化作用随污染程度的增加而加剧,MDA的积累增加;但根系中MDA含量在5倍污水时最少,只为对照组的21.98%,其后随着污染程度的增加其MDA含量大幅度积累,膜脂质过氧化作用加剧。从整个试验结果分析认为,木榄在遭受重金属胁迫时具有优先保护根系以增强植物的抗重金属能力。     

脂类生物标志物在海洋环境中的应用与研究进展

海洋沉积物中的脂类生物标志物可以提供丰富的信息,包括有机物质源,沉积过程的古环境条件等。由于脂类生物标志物提供的信息准确、稳定,成为研究海洋环境的有力工具。本文介绍了其在古气候效应、河口系统的有机物质检测、降解以及污染物溯源的研究应用进展。     

UV-B辐射对2种海洋微藻膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害

研究海洋生态系统在调节全球变化中的作用,采用生态毒理学的方法研究了UV-B辐射增强对2种海洋微藻膜的损伤及其差异性。结果表明,随着UV-B辐射剂量的增加,叉鞭金藻(Dicrateriasp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornu-tum)的光合速率降低。同时,膜相对透性增大,细胞内H2O2含量上升,微粒体膜中磷脂减少,游离脂肪酸增加。表明UV-B辐射增强使2种微藻的膜受到了严重伤害,而且膜伤害的加剧与活性氧的积累和由此引发的膜脂脱酯化有关。2种微藻细胞匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著变化,而微粒体膜的MDA含量随着UV-B辐射剂量的加大显著提高。这表明UV-B辐射增强对2种海洋微藻膜的损伤可能是由膜脂过氧化和脱酯化作用共同引起的。     

皱纹盘鲍多糖抗肿瘤药理作用研究

对从软体动物皱纹盘鲍HaliotisdiscushannaiIno中分离提取的纯多糖进行了抗肿瘤活性研究。药理实验表明,多糖对体外培养的小鼠移植性肿瘤肉瘤S180、肝癌HepA细胞无细胞毒作用,但能明显延长HepA小鼠的生存时间,抑制小鼠移植性肉瘤S180的生长;在抑瘤的同时,能明显提高免疫器官胸腺、脾脏的重量,降低荷瘤小鼠肝脏中过氧化脂质的水平。提示鲍鱼多糖可能是通过增强荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能和抗氧化作用而发挥其抗肿瘤活性的     

不同类型糖源对大菱鲆脂肪代谢酶活性和脂肪酸组成的影响

以初始体质量(8.77±0.16)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行9周的养殖实验,比较分析饲料中3种不同类型的糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)对大菱鲆脂肪代谢相关酶活性和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,不同类型的糖源显著影响肝脏中与脂肪合成相关的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)和苹果酸酶(ME)的活性(P0.05)。饲料糖源为葡萄糖时,大菱鲆肝脏中G6PD和ME的活性显著高于其他处理组,而蔗糖和糊精处理组之间没有显著差异。对与脂肪分解代谢相关酶的活性分析表明,肠道脂肪酶的活性受饲料中不同糖源的影响显著(P0.05);肝脏脂蛋白脂酶的活性在糖源为葡萄糖时显著低于其他处理组(P0.05);不同糖源对肝脂酶的活性无显著影响(P0.05);糊精组的总脂酶活性显著高于葡萄糖组(P0.05)。葡萄糖组大菱鲆肌肉中的C16∶0和C18∶0的含量显著高于糊精组,而C16∶1和C18∶1n-9的含量显著低于糊精组(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中不同类型的糖源对大菱鲆肌肉脂肪酸的影响集中在饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸上,而对多不饱和脂肪酸的影响有限。     

Nutritional condition of fish larvae in South African estuaries: an appraisal of three biochemical methods

Estuaries are exposed to a number of threats and many South African estuarine systems are functionally and structurally altered. The extent to which fish are affected by these alterations is not fully understood. The estuarine round herring Gilchristella aestuaria is an appropriate species to use when examining such effects. The most widely used approaches to evaluating the nutritional condition of fish larvae are based on biochemical methods. In order to identify the most suitable technique for assessing body condition of fish larvae in estuaries, the nutritional condition of post-flexion larvae of G. aestuaria from the Sundays and Kariega estuaries on the south-east coast of South Africa was evaluated using three different biochemical techniques: (i) total lipid content analysis and the triacylglycerol/cholesterol (TAG/CHOL) ratio; (ii) protein content analysis; and (iii) the RNA/DNA ratio. Results from techniques (ii) and (iii) revealed that G. aestuaria larvae from the Kariega Estuary were in better condition than larvae from the Sundays Estuary, probably due to a recent plankton bloom. It is concluded that the individual RNA/DNA ratio can provide a reliable, sensitive and cost-effective method to assess the immediate effects of environmental changes on the nutritional condition of estuarine fish larvae.     

CORNELL DESIGN APPLIED ON OPTIMAL MACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF FORMULATED DIETS FOR DAVID＇S SCHIZOTHORACIN [SCHIZOTHORAX （RACOMA） DAVID1] JUVENILES

采用Comell方法研究了初始重为（2．0±0．1）g的重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮中常量营养物质的适宜需求量。日粮中蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物梯度变化范围分别为33％-51％、3％-18％和24％-33％,试验周期为60d。试验结果表明,除日粮蛋白质33％组鱼成活率明显下降外（P〈0．05）,其它试验日粮中3种常量营养物质含量对重口裂腹鱼幼鱼成活率没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。当日粮蛋白质水平≤45％时,其特定生长率随着日粮蛋白质水平上升而明显增加;当日粮蛋白质水平在33％-36％时,重口裂腹鱼的特定生长率显著降低（P〈0．05）。除12％日粮脂肪组试验鱼外,9％日粮脂肪组试验鱼的特定生长率显著性高于其它脂肪水平日粮组（P〈0．05）,但当日粮中脂肪含量≥15％后,重口裂腹鱼鱼体脂肪含量显著上升（P〈0．05）,肝细胞脂肪变性明显。日粮中不同的碳水化合物水平对重口裂腹鱼特定生长率没有显著影响（P〉0．05）,但当日粮中碳水化合物为33％时,鱼体糖原含量显著增加（P〈0．05）。试验表明,重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种常量营养物质的适宜需求量分别为45％、9％和≤30％。日粮总能为19．0MJ／kg,蛋白质能量比（P／E）为23mg／J。     

Antioxidant efficacy of extracts from a variety of seaweeds in a cellular system

As a part of an ongoing search for antioxidants frodm marine sources, antioxidant activities of 24 kinds of seaweeds (4 green algae, 8 brown algae, and 12 red algae) were investigated. The seaweeds were extracted by acetone/ dichloromethane and methanol, respectively. The antioxidant properties of both extracts were evaluated using four different activity tests, including degree of occurrence of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO, lipid peroxidation, and GSH (glutathione) in mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH were measured using 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and monobromobimane as fluorescence probe, respectively. Moreover, the generation of NO and lipid peroxidation products were determined by each method based on the Griess reaction and TBARS assay. Solvent extracts from seaweeds such asScytosiphon lomentaria, Prionitis cornea, Laruencia okamurae,Callophyllis japonica, Sargassum horneri, Dictyopteris divaricat a,Lomentaria catenata, Corallina confuse, Ishige okamurae, andAhnfeltiopsis flabelliformi exhibited high antioxidant activities in cellular oxidizing systems.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrates sources on lipids compositions in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates (dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively), all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone (initial shell length: 29.98 mm ± 0.09 mm; initial weight: 3.42 g ± 0.02 g) for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in the foot muscles were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22:6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates Sources on Lipids Compositions in Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates (dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively), all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone (initial shell length: 29.98 mm±0.09 mm; initial weight. 3.42 g±0.02 g) for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P<0.05)higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in the foot muscles were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly (P<0.05) lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22:6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly (P< 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.