Preliminary results of environmental monitoring of the natural gas hydrate production test in the South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is considered as one of the new clean energy sources of the 21st century with the highest potential. The environmental issues of NGH production have attracted the close attention of scientists in various countries. From May 10 to July 9, 2017, the first offshore NGH production test in the South China Sea (SCS) was conducted by the China Geological Survey. In addition, environmental security has also been effectively guaranteed via a comprehensive environmental monitoring system built during the NGH production test. The monitoring system considered sea-surface atmosphere methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, dissolved methane in the sea water column, and the seafloor physical oceanography and marine chemistry environment. The whole process was monitored via multiple means, in multiple layers, in all domains, and in real time. After the production test, an environmental investigation was promptly conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of the NGH production test. The monitoring results showed that the dissolved methane concentration in seawater and the near-seabed environment characteristics after the test were consistent with the background values, indicating that the NGH production test did not cause environmental problems such as methane leakage.     

深埋岩溶隧道限量排放条件下衬砌外水压力研究

针对深埋岩溶隧道衬砌外水压力展开研究,根据隧道排水量和衬砌水压力模型的理论推导,结合试验进行分析。结果表明,衬砌上水压在采取排水措施后随排水量的增加而减小;但是当注浆材料渗透系数降低到1.65×10-6 m/s、注浆厚度到55 cm后,衬砌上水压随注浆范围的增大变化已经不太明显,说明注浆半径的选取有一个合理范围。注浆圈可以起到控制排水的作用,当给定了隧道某一段的合理排放量以后,就可以确定注浆的范围和注浆水平。      

泄漏情景下碳封存项目的环境影响监测技术方法

CO2环境影响监测技术作为碳捕集、利用与封存(Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage,CCUS)体系的重要组成部分,贯穿整个储存过程,决定着CCUS工程的成败,对CCUS工程的有效性、持续性、安全性及碳减排效果的评估发挥着举足轻重的作用.为确保碳封存项目安全可靠运行,需要对环境影响...     

基于新型中压堵漏试验仪的堵漏试验研究

堵漏试验仪是制定防漏堵漏技术方案的关键实验设备之一。针对现有堵漏试验仪普遍存在的结构复杂、试验流程繁冗、浆液用量较大、数据重现性较差等问题,设计了一种中压（试验压力为0～1 MPa）堵漏试验仪。该装置能模拟1～3 mm的条缝型漏失地层和1～4 mm的孔洞型漏失地层,封板（缝板和孔板）的实际漏失面积为0.35～2.79 cm2,孔隙率1.81%～14.24%。基于该试验装置,获取了由膨胀堵漏剂、核桃壳等组成的适于不同漏失地层的堵漏浆液配方。研究发现,堵漏浆液的封堵效果不仅取决于裂缝或孔洞的大小,也要考虑其孔隙率。该堵漏仪及堵漏浆液配方可为钻井防漏堵漏工作提供有益参考。     

隧道在地裂缝处的沥青混凝土复合衬砌的力学响应分析

针对隧道分缝衬砌结构为适应地裂缝错动造成位移变形而采用的流变性沥青混凝土复合衬砌置于初次衬砌和永久衬砌之间,改善隧道受力条件,以及沥青混凝土密封变形缝防止隧道渗漏的新型技术,应用有限差分数值方法,模拟隧道围岩土层结构及土材料的弹塑性、开挖支护施工过程、复合衬砌沥青混凝土的弹粘塑性、地裂缝两侧上、下盘土层相对错动位移变化,进行了地裂缝隧道永久衬砌结构分缝支护、初次衬砌和永久衬砌中间复合无缝沥青混凝土衬砌的力学响应特性分析。结果表明沥青混凝土复合衬砌能够抑制地裂缝错动位移条件下永久分缝衬砌段的水平位移和旋转位移,其流变变形调整和改善了永久分缝内衬的受力状态,减小了地裂缝附近衬砌结构的集中受拉受压作用。     

Analyses of Seepage Problems in a Subsea Tunnel Considering Effects of Grouting and Lining Structure

Analytical solutions for water inflow and water pressure based on steady-state water inflow into a circular subsea tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer are deduced depending on the rock permeability, drainage at the lining, and grouting parameters. Based on the parameters of the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay subsea tunnel, the differences between the proposed solutions and three previous methods are analyzed. Comparisons of the results of different methods verify the validity of the proposed analytical solutions and manifest the superiorities of the proposed solutions in reflecting the effects of grouting and lining structure on the seepage problems in a subsea tunnel. Discussion of the lining structure is also made and we conclude that “block-based and limited drainage” should be the design principle of lining structures. Finally, the method of identifying the most rational and economical grouting parameters is presented.     

“雅安天漏”研究进展

围绕青藏高原东侧“雅安天漏”现象,综述了近40多年来“雅安天漏”的天气、气候与气候变化研究的主要进展;在分析前期研究薄弱环节的基础上,从基本特征、复杂地形、热源与边界层结构、形成机理、天气气候联系、区域气候响应等方面,提出了“雅安天漏”研究中存在的6 个主要科学问题,并指出了综合观测、科学试验、资料分析、理论研究和预报技术是“雅安天漏”未来研究的重点方向。     

EU emissions trading and the cement sector: a spatial competition analysis

An oligopoly competition model is described and used to illustrate the potential effect of EU emissions trading and transport issues on the production decisions and profitability of cement producers in a typical western European country market. The role of geography is introduced from three viewpoints: the existence of regional markets, the fact that EU producers may operate multiple plants across these regions, and the possibility of production capacity constraints. A typical EU state is divided into a coastal region which is initially exposed to international competition, and an inland region which is initially protected. Assuming pure auctioning of EU Allowances and a range of CO₂ prices up to €50/t, our model predicts a large increase of imports into the coastal region. Consequences for the inland producers include reduced attractiveness of the coastal market, as well as increased competition from coastal producers and from non-EU imports. The model includes a number of simplifications and therefore does not claim to offer definitive predictions, but our results do suggest that an increase in non-EU imports could feasibly offset more than 70% of the decrease in EU cement sector emissions. The likely impact on producer profits is considered for each region, and the advantages and disadvantages of potential mitigating policy measures are reviewed for either the EU Allowance allocation process or border adjustments on cement products.     

Carbon tariffs for financing clean development

In order to address carbon leakage and preserve the competitiveness of domestic industries, some industrialized Annex I countries have proposed to implement carbon tariffs. These tariffs would be levied on energy-intensive imports from developing non-Annex I countries that have not agreed to binding emissions reductions. This action could have detrimental welfare impacts, especially on those developing countries, and may not lead to significant reductions in leakage. A recent proposal is to use the revenues generated from carbon tariffs to finance clean development in the relevant exporting non-Annex I countries. This proposal is evaluated using an energy-economic model of the global economy. The model is supplemented by marginal abatement cost curves and bottom-up information on abatement potentials in order to represent how clean development financing affects emissions reductions. The results indicate that carbon tariffs could raise US$3.5–24.5 billion (with a central value of $9.8 billion) for clean development financing. This could reduce the emissions of non-Annex I countries by 5–15% and still leave funds available for other purposes, such as adaptation. Furthermore, recycling the revenues generated from carbon tariffs back to the exporting country itself could alleviate some of the negative welfare impacts associated with them. However, a net negative impact especially on the welfare and gross domestic product of developing countries would remain.     

西藏邦卓玛地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

本文通过在西藏邦卓玛地区开展的1∶10000土壤地球化学测量工作,运用元素的变化系数、元素富集离散特征对邦卓玛地区土壤地球化学测量的12种微量元素进行地球化学统计分析,论述了12种微量元素的成矿潜力,得出Au、Ag、W、Pb、Sb 5种元素具有较大的成矿潜力。并通过相关分析、因子分析确立了测区内元素组合特征,共划分了三组主成矿元素组合(即Au-Ag-Cu-Bi-W;PbSn;Sb),运用衬值异常法在区内圈定组合异常,结果显示,组合异常明显,异常套合较好,大体呈NW向串珠状展布。根据组合衬值异常叠加,在研究区内圈定了4个重点靶区,为下一步在该区内寻找Au、Ag、Sb、W、Pb等多金属矿提供了理论依据。