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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Methods for the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater by Determining the Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content

The effectiveness of different remediation procedures for decreasing the amount of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) in contaminated groundwater was evaluated at the site of a former refinery. The investigations were carried out on samples taken from several gravel based HSSF (horizontal subsurface flow) constructed wetlands (CW) which differed in relation to their filter material additives (no additive, charcoal, and ferric oxides additives) and examined the potential effect of these additives on the overall treatment efficiency. Samples of the following gravel based HSSF CW were investigated. No filter additive (system A), 0.1% activated carbon (system B), 0.5% iron(III) hydroxide (system C), and the reference (system D). Systems A–C were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), whereas system D remained unplanted. In addition, the influence of seasonal conditions on the reduction of these hydrocarbons and the correlation between the amounts of TPH and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers), on the one hand, and methyl tert‐butyl ether, on the other, was investigated. The study was carried out by using a modified GC‐FID approach and multivariate methods. The investigations carried out in the first year of operation demonstrated that the effectiveness of the petroleum hydrocarbon removal was highest and reached a level of 93 ± 3.5% when HSSF filters with activated carbon as a filter additive were used. This remediation method allowed the petroleum hydrocarbon content to be reduced independently of seasonal conditions. The correlation between the reduction of TPH and BTEX was found to be R = 0.8824. Using this correlation coefficient, the time‐consuming determination of the BTEX content was no longer necessary.     

基于最小二乘法的高抽巷CO浓度变化规律分析

我国许多煤矿的煤层同时具有高瓦斯和严重自燃倾向,在抽放瓦斯的同时,容易造成采空区遗煤自燃。因此,监测采空区指标气体的浓度变化对预防采空区自燃非常重要。本文采用最小二乘法对山西阳煤五矿8403工作面高抽巷CO浓度进行分析,拟合得出了高抽巷CO浓度变化曲线,并对拟合方法、拟合效果进行了分析。结果表明,用最小二乘法进行拟合是可行、有效的。结合现场实际条件,分析了高抽巷CO浓度偏高的原因和之所以选取分析高抽巷CO浓度来预测采空区自燃的原因。结果显示,分析高抽巷CO浓度变化可以较早地发现采空区自燃。最后,分析了CO浓度与CO2、O2浓度的相关性,验证了用CO浓度预测采空区自燃的准确性。     

基于灰色最小二乘支持向量机的边坡位移预测

利用边坡实测位移序列预测边坡未来时间的位移,可以有效地判断边坡的稳定性。在分析了灰色预测方法和最小二乘支持向量机各自的优缺点的基础上,提出了将二者相结合的一种新的预测模型--灰色最小二乘支持向量机预测模型。新模型既发挥了灰色预测方法中“累加生成”的优点,弱化了原始序列中随机扰动因素的影响,增强了数据的规律性,又充分利用了最小二乘支持向量机求解速度快、易于描述非线性关系的优良特性,避免了灰色预测方法及模型存在的理论缺陷。同时,采用遗传算法进行了模型的参数优化,通过2个工程实例说明灰色最小二乘支持向量机模型预测边坡位移的有效性,具有较高的精度。     

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InSAR最小二乘相位解缠权重确定的一种新方法

雷达信号的低信噪比、地形起伏引起的阴影、遮掩以及其它种种原因造成的去相干现象导致相位数据的不连续,使得相位解缠结果出现偏差甚至是完全错误。在分析影响最小二乘相位解缠权重选择因素的基础上,将频域置信度作为权重选择方法进行相位解缠数据处理,结果表明,该方法很好地克服了最小二乘法对于相位坡度欠估计的缺点,且解缠结果具有较高精度和稳定性。     

加权总体最小二乘方法在ITRF转换中的应用

针对ITRF转换中,两套坐标系下的点坐标值均存在误差,且各点之间精度不等、甚至相关的情况,提出利用加权总体最小二乘方法对转换参数进行解算。通过模拟数据和真实数据的解算证明了加权总体最小二乘方法在ITRF转换中的适用性,与其他方法相比,利用加权总体最小二乘方法能够得到准确的、更为合理的转换参数。     

基于NDVI与偏最小二乘回归的荒漠化地区植被覆盖度高光谱遥感估测

以星载高光谱影像Hyperion为数据源,系统比较了NDVI与偏最小二乘回归（PLS）估测荒漠化地区植被覆盖度的能力,模型的建立（n=46）与独立检验所用样本（n=10）均为地面实测数据。研究结果表明,基于星载高光谱数据的NDVI与PLS模型可以有效地估测荒漠化地区植被覆盖度。相比于宽波段NDVI（RMSEP=10.5618）及基于803.3/671.02 nm计算的标准高光谱NDVI（RMSEP=8.3863）,选择特定高光谱波段（823.65/701.55 nm）构建的NDVI预测植被覆盖度的误差明显较低（RMSEP=6.5189）。基于高光谱所有波段原始反射率、一阶导数及包络线去除光谱的PLS回归模型表现,要明显优于仅利用两个波段信息的NDVI,其中基于原始反射率的PLS回归模型表现最佳,RMSEP为4.4998,约为因变量平均值的23%。     

黄河某高拱坝岩体力学参数的选取

在对比国内外各种选取岩体力学参数方法的基础上,对黄河某高拱坝坝址区主要岩层中生代二长岩和三叠系变质砂岩采用现场原位试验和数据统计方法获取岩体力学参数。用刚性圆形承压板法进行岩体变形试验,建立了岩体纵波波速与变形模量的拟合关系,用最小二乘回归法处理变形数据。用平推法直剪试验进行岩体抗剪断强度试验,用 - 点群中心法处理直剪试验数据。软弱带取样后进行室内断层泥物理力学性质试验,运用岩土工程勘察规范中参数统计经验公式来获得各软弱带的抗剪参数。点群法求得的各抗剪指标总体上与原位试验得到的结果相一致,证明该法可用于岩体力学参数选取。