辽宁省近50年霜的气候变化特征

主要使用辽宁省35个站点1957—2006年霜的地面观测资料以及相应时间的温度资料分析了该区霜的变化特征及其受气候变暖的影响,得到如下结论:近50年辽宁省初霜日期推迟近10 d,终霜日期提前约17 d,无霜期日数增加约26 d;初、终霜日期和无霜期日数在20世纪90年代初发生突变;从空间分布来看,初霜日期明显推后、终霜日期显著提前、无霜期增多的区域主要分布在辽宁中部、西部以及辽东半岛的部分地区;初霜日期与9月份各温度因子相关性较与其他各月高,终霜日期与4月份各温度因子相关性较强,无霜期主要受4—9月间各温度因子的影响;初霜期推迟、终霜期提前以及无霜期延长都主要是由温度的升高引起的,其中平均最低地面温度、平均最低气温是最重要的影响因素;伴随气候变暖,辽宁省初、终霜发生日期以及无霜期长度的空间分布都显示出由西南向东北方向推移的特点。     

西北太平洋热带气旋频数和强度变化趋势初探

利用1951—2006年西北太平洋 (含南海) 热带气旋资料, 研究了不同强度热带气旋的气候变化特征。结果表明:超强台风 (近中心最大风速≥58m/s, 简称超强台风Ⅱ) 频数、强度和初、终旋日期的变化特征都不同于其他级别热带气旋; 西北太平洋热带气旋的总频数有长期减少趋势, 主要由热带低压和超强台风Ⅱ的长期减少趋势引起; 随着热带气旋强度增强, 出现月最大频数的月份逐渐推迟; 超强台风月频数最大值发生在秋季; 超强台风Ⅱ频数的年变化与除了超强台风Ⅰ(近中心最大风速为51~58m/s) 外的其他级别热带气旋反相关; 受超强台风Ⅱ减少影响, 热带气旋年平均最大风速有减小的长期趋势; 热带气旋的初、终旋日期没有显著的长期变化趋势, 但超强台风Ⅱ的初旋日期有推迟趋势, 终旋日期有提前趋势, 发生时间缩短。     

末次盛冰期北美风成环境变化及其在全球气候突变事件中的意义

本文用末次冰期北美大冰盖南缘的风尘堆积记录来重建末次盛冰期的亚极地环境变化.磁化率、有机碳含量和潜育化程度的资料表明,末次盛冰期的前期(约21000～15000aB P.)植被覆盖较差,而后期(15000～10000aB.P.)植被覆盖较好,15 000aB.P.环境发生了急剧的变化,磁化率曲线显示了大约1000a的氧化-还原周期.这种大约1000a的环境变化周期很可能由低纬地区的海洋和大气的扰动所驱动,这种扰动的能量通过北美大冰盖及时地传递到北大西洋.     

"Greatest lake period"|and its palaeo-environment on the Tibetan Plateau

The “greatest lake period” means that the lakes are in the stage of their maximum areas. As the paleo lake shorelines are widely distributed in the lake basins on the Tibetan Plateau, the lake areas during the “greatest lake period” may be inferred by the last highest lake shorelines. They are several, even tens times larger than that at present. According to the analyses of tens of lakes on the Plateau, most dating data fell into the range of 40-25 ka BP, some lasted to 20 ka BP. It was corresponded to the stage 3 of marine isotope and interstitial of last glaciation. The occurrence of maximum areas of lakes marked the very humid period on the Plateau and was also related to the stronger summer monsoon during that period.     

Correlation between high-resolution climate records from a Nanjing stalagmite and GRIP ice core during the last glaciation

A 400-mm-long stalagmite from Tangshan Cave, Nanjing has been analyzed by a high-precision TIMS-U series dating method and also determined for oxygen and carbon stable isotopic compositions. The results provided a high-resolution paleoclimate record for eastern China during a time interval (from 54 000 to 19 000 aBP) of the last glaciation. The continuous record of oxygen-18 variations in the stalagmite, indicating a precipitation history of the East Asian monsoon, shows not only signals of the Heinrich events, but also the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles which are first found in the last glacial climate record of the East Asian monsoon area. Although the stalagmite-based climatic signals match well with the GRIP ice core record, some differences between the two records can be recognized: (1) The last glacial climate changes in eastern China exhibited a long-term remarkably cooling trend, superimposed on which were four successive Bond’s cycles illustrated by the δ¹⁸O curve. This strong cooling tendency may be an effect of the strong summer monsoon event during the MIS 3 over the Tibetan Plateau. (2) There exist some phase differences of 1000–2000 years between the cooling events in the stalagmite-based climate signal and the GRIP ice core record. Such differences should be further verified by calibrations of multiple dating methods     

我国江淮流域近40年异常初终霜冻的分析

该文用地面最低温度资料，以≤0℃作为霜冻指标，定量地确定出现异常霜冻的判别标准，研究了近40年初终霜冻异常的气候特征。结果表明:初终霜冻的异常明显存在地区差异。其变化周期以2～3年和准12年最普遍。其偏离均值大致有两种波型:反向变化和同向变化。前者在淮河流域较突出，后者在长江流域较普遍。当其出现反向变化趋势，且二者偏离均值达最大时，该时期为初霜冻异常偏早(偏晚)，终霜冻异常偏晚(偏早)的活跃期。同样，当初、终霜冻出现同向变化时，初、终霜冻异常活路期亦呈现同向变化。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠及其以南风成相带划分和认识

至少在末次冰期初，塔克拉玛干沙漠及其以南就已存在风成的砂丘砂、亚砂土和黄土岩相带。末次冰期以来的全球冷期中，造成砂丘砂、亚砂土和黄土沉积的ＮＥ和ＮＷ风系及其影响下的风力未有显著变化，因此，这几个风成相带沉积界线亦没有明显移动。自那时以来的全球暖期，塔克拉玛干和其南部，气候暖干，导致四周山地冰雪大量消融，于本区形成冲积，洪积。然而，冲洪积作用并未能改变风成相带分布的基本格局。     

A Multi-cycle Climatic Fluctuation Record of the Last Interglacial Period:Typical Stratigraphic Section in the Salawusu River Valley on the Ordos Plateau,China

The Last Interglacial Period strata in the Milanggouwan section in the Salawusu River valley on the Ordos Plateau, China, have 8.5 sedimentary cycles composed alternately of eolian dune sands, fluvio-lacustrine facies and paleosols. Based on comprehensive analyses on the distribution of magnetic susceptibility and CaCO3 and paleo-ecology indicated by fossils in the region, it is considered that the sedimentation cycles resulted from dry-cold and warm-humid climate fluctuations. Magnetic susceptibility values and CaCO3 contents in stratigraphic sectors Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅴ and Ⅱ, Ⅳ basically respectively present peaks and low vales, and the former three can in time correlate with MIS5a, MIS5c and MIS5e successively and the latter two with MIS5b and MIS5d. In addition, some horizons of eolian dune sands and the low vales of their magnetic susceptibility and CaCO3 are also correlated with 6 periods of cooling events indicated by the higher content of foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (S.) documented in the V29-191 drill in the North Atlantic and the cold events recorded by δ^18O in the ice cores in GRIP, especially with 9 periods of dust events in Chinese Loess Plateau.     

230Th/234U and 14C dating of a lowstand coral reef beneath the insular shelf off Irabu Island, Ryukyus, southwestern Japan

Abstract   High-resolution seismic reflection profiles delineated the distribution of mound-shaped reflections, which were interpreted as reefs, beneath the insular shelf western off Irabu Island, Ryukyus, southwestern Japan. A sediment core through one of the mounded structures was recovered from the sea floor at a depth of −118.2 m by offshore drilling and was dated by radiometric methods. The lithology and coral fauna of the core indicate that the mounded structure was composed of coral–algal boundstone suggesting a small-scaled coral reef. High-precision α-spectrometric ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating coupled with calibrated accelerator mass spectrometric ¹⁴C ages of corals obtained reliable ages of this reef ranging from 22.18 ± 0.63 to 30.47 ± 0.98 ka. This proves that such a submerged reef was formed during the lowstand stage of marine oxygen isotope stages 3–2. The existence of low-Mg calcite in the aragonitic coral skeleton of 22.18 ± 0.63 ka provides evidence that the reef had once been exposed by lowering of the relative sealevel to at least −126 m during the last glacial maximum in the study area. There is no room for doubt that a coral reef grew during the last glacial period on the shelf off Irabu Island of Ryukyus in the subtropical region of western Pacific.     

我国中低纬度末次冰消期气候转暖 与高纬度气候变化的关系*

末次冰消期转暖的过程和机制一直是古气候研究的热点,然而对于末次冰消期全球气候在时间、空间上的变化以及热带低纬度地区在其中发挥的作用仍不明确。文章根据我国中低纬度地区的湖光岩玛珥湖、渭南黄土剖面和东海DGKS9603孔沉积物中的植硅体等环境指标的分析,研究了末次冰消期在这些地区的变化特点,并结合古里雅冰芯和南京葫芦洞石笋氧同位素记录与南极BYRD冰芯、北极格陵兰GRIP冰芯氧同位素记录进行了对比。结果表明,各地区转暖的时间并不同步,明显受印度洋季风或东南季风影响的古里雅、湖光岩地区是气候转暖较早的地区,格陵兰地区的快速转暖滞后于我国中低纬度转暖1.5~2.0ka以上。如何理解高纬度和热带低纬度地区气候转暖的差异性问题及其原因和机制有待于更多高分辨率气候记录研究和模型的检验。