1961—2008年阿勒泰地区异常初终霜日变化特征

以小于等于0 ℃最低气温作为霜冻指标,利用1961—2008年阿勒泰地区7个测站的逐日最低气温资料,采用现代气候诊断分析方法,分析了该地区初、终霜日和无霜期的气候变化特征。结果表明：近48 a来阿勒泰大部分地区呈初霜迟、终霜结束的早、无霜期延长的趋势,使作物生长季延长,其中哈巴河表现最为显著;极早初霜日发生频数为2—6次,以富蕴最多,极晚终霜日发生频数为1—4次。各站最迟、最早初霜日的差值和最早、最迟终霜日的差值均在30 d以上;哈巴河霜日发生了气候突变。     

近40 年山西省初终霜日的变化特征

利用山西省境内分布较为均匀的52 个地面气象站1970-2009 年的霜日观测资料,采用线性倾向估计法、累积滤波器法结合非参数统计检验方法分析了初终霜日的基本特征及其变化趋势;利用M-K法分析了霜日的突变特征。结果表明：初霜日、终霜日的出现以及无霜期的长短与地理因素密切相关,随着纬度逐渐偏北、海拔逐渐升高,初霜日提前、终霜日推后、无霜期缩短。从全省平均情况看,初霜日呈现显著的推后趋势,无霜期呈现显著的延长趋势,而终霜日的变化则以波动为主,线性变化趋势不显著。从突变检测情况看,初霜日、终霜日和无霜期在40 年间均存在一次明显突变,初霜日的突变点出现在2000 年,终霜日和无霜期的突变点出现在1997 年。从变化趋势的空间分布看,初霜日显著推后的区域大片集中在晋中东部、吕梁北部和忻州西部,以及分散在运城南部、临汾西北部和大同南部。终霜日显著提前的区域位于晋中东部山区、吕梁山东部和忻州西部。无霜期显著延长的区域位于西北部黄河沿岸、省境中东部和运城南段。变化趋势为初霜日提前、终霜日推后和无霜期缩短的区域未通过显著性检验。     

浮游有孔虫个体大小对硼同位素分析的影响

对比分析了太平洋(Site 806)、大西洋(Site 664)和加勒比海地区(Site 999)末次冰期最盛期和全新世钻孔顶部不同尺寸大小的浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides sacculifer(500～600μm和300～355μm)和Globi-gerinoides ruber(300～355μm和250～300μm)的硼同位素组分变化,发现个体相对较小的有孔虫样品由于受到样品量以及样品前处理过程的影响,其硼同位素在末次冰期最盛期出现异常,浮游有孔虫硼同位素分析,尤其是冰期-间冰期时间尺度上的硼同位素分析,适合用个体相对较大的有孔虫。末次冰期最盛期太平洋和加勒比海地区溶解作用可能加强,其G.sacculifer的硼同位素偏低,但G.ruber的硼同位素不受溶解作用的影响,能够反映末次冰期海水pH值的变化。三个钻孔末次冰期最盛期G.ruber的硼同位素比全新世的硼同位素平均高(1.3±1.2)‰(2s.e.),与理论预测值1.6‰一致。     

青海湖地区冰消期以来气候变化的黄土记录

青海湖周围堆积着很多黄土和风沙沉积,这些风成沉积序列是过去气候变化的良好记录.相对于湖泊沉积,这些沉积物受到的研究较为薄弱.对青海湖南岸的黄土堆积进行了光释光年代学、磁化率、Fe/Mg值、粒度和有机质含量等气候替代性指标测量.在具有绝对年代标尺控制的基础上,结合气候替代性指标变化特征的分析,表明冰消期以来青海湖地区的古气候经历了多次的冷暖和干湿变化过程:14～9 ka间气候前期相对冷干,后期转为凉干,其中可能在11 ka左右存在一次暖湿事件;9～2.5 ka间气候呈暖湿状态;2.5 ka以后的地层扰动较大.黄土和湖泊沉积记录的环境变化过程具有可比性.     

Geomorphology of carbonate platform‐marginal uppermost slopes: Insights from a Holocene analogue,Little Bahama Bank,Bahamas

As the product of a variety of sediment sources and sedimentation (and re‐sedimentation) and erosion processes, the geomorphology and sedimentology of carbonate slopes are highly variable. The purpose of this study is to describe sub‐bottom profiles and side‐scan sonar, multibeam and optical data acquired by an autonomous underwater vehicle to explore variability in geomorphological and sedimentological character of the present‐day platform‐marginal, uppermost slope environments (< 240 m water depth) on the north, open‐ocean facing flank of Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas. Although at time scales of greater than 100 ka this margin is progradational, the data illustrate a complex juxtaposition of erosional and depositional processes and features. Erosion is evidenced by two prominent escarpments (70 m and 120 m) that expose eroded, bedded rocky outcrops. These escarpments are interpreted to represent relict features, related to past sea‐level positions, although they still may be shedding debris. Aside from erosional remnants, sedimentation and active transport is indicated by several features, including active bedforms (especially above the 70 m escarpment, but ripples occur to depths of ca 200 m), several mass transport complexes that overlie and cover the lower escarpment, gravity flow deposits and rare slump features. Similarly, a thick (up to 20 m) onlapping sediment wedge, interpreted to be Holocene in age, suggests lateral accretion of the slope by more than 75 m in this period. Data illustrate that this open‐ocean margin is distinct from windward margins in the Bahamas, which typically include near‐vertical walls of erosion or bypass, flanked downdip by rubble and talus, and leeward margins, which have onlapping muddy wedges, but that lack marked terraces or escarpments. Collectively, the results provide perspectives into the nature and controls on complex geomorphological patterns of erosion and deposition in Holocene uppermost slope systems, concepts potentially applicable to ancient analogues.     

末次冰消期以来东海内陆架沉积物磁化率的环境意义

对末次冰消期以来东海内陆架沉积物磁化率的影响因素及其蕴含的古环境信息进行了探讨.对位于浙闽沿岸泥质沉积中心附近的EC2005孔沉积物磁化率、岩性、粒度、常量元素、矿物以及AMS<'14>C测年数据进行了综合分析,得出以下主要结论:EC2005孔沉积物磁化率的变化受多种因素的制约,不同层位的主要控制因素不同,60.20～...     

管道终端及防沉板基础分析

管道终端（PLET）是水下生产系统的一个重要组成部分。管道终端的支撑结构与其防沉板基础为一体,具有结构简单、安装方便、重量轻等优点。以我国南海300m水深某油田环境条件作为设计基础,根据结构整体滑动的受力特点和具体的安装方式,考虑了底流的影响,利用SACS软件对在位和吊装两种工况进行了结构分析,确定了结构形式,选用了高强钢。对防沉板基础的承载力、沉降等情况进行了计算分析,结果表明,管道终端结构和防沉板基础满足力学性能和土质要求。     

Microfacies and diagenesis of older Pleistocene (pre‐last glacial maximum) reef deposits,Great Barrier Reef,Australia (IODP Expedition 325): A quantitative approach

During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 325, 34 holes were drilled along five transects in front of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, penetrating some 700 m of late Pleistocene reef deposits (post‐glacial; largely 20 to 10 kyr bp ) in water depths of 42 to 127 m. In seven holes, drilled in water depths of 42 to 92 m on three transects, older Pleistocene (older than last glacial maximum, >20 kyr bp ) reef deposits were recovered from lower core sections. In this study, facies, diagenetic features, mineralogy and stable isotope geochemistry of 100 samples from six of the latter holes were investigated and quantified. Lithologies are dominated by grain‐supported textures, and were to a large part deposited in high‐energy, reef or reef slope environments. Quantitative analyses allow 11 microfacies to be defined, including mixed skeletal packstone and grainstone, mudstone‐wackestone, coral packstone, coral grainstone, coralline algal grainstone, coral‐algal packstone, coralline algal packstone, Halimeda grainstone, microbialite and caliche. Microbialites, that are common in cavities of younger, post‐glacial deposits, are rare in pre‐last glacial maximum core sections, possibly due to a lack of open framework suitable for colonization by microbes. In pre‐last glacial maximum deposits of holes M0032A and M0033A (>20 kyr bp ), marine diagenetic features are dominant; samples consist largely of aragonite and high‐magnesium calcite. Holes M0042A and M0057A, which contain the oldest rocks (>169 kyr bp ), are characterized by meteoric diagenesis and samples mostly consist of low‐magnesium calcite. Holes M0042A, M0055A and M0056A (>30 kyr bp ), and a horizon in the upper part of hole M0057A, contain both marine and meteoric diagenetic features. However, only one change from marine to meteoric pore water is recorded in contrast with the changes in diagenetic environment that might be inferred from the sea‐level history. Values of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon are consistent with these findings. Samples from holes M0032A and M0033A reflect largely positive values (δ¹⁸O: ?1 to +1‰ and δ¹³C: +1 to +4‰), whereas those from holes M0042A and M0057A are negative (δ¹⁸O: ?4 to +2‰ and δ¹³C: ?8 to +2‰). Holes M0055A and M0056A provide intermediate values, with slightly positive δ¹³C, and negative δ¹⁸O values. The type and intensity of meteroric diagenesis appears to have been controlled both by age and depth, i.e. the time available for diagenetic alteration, and reflects the relation between reef deposition and sea‐level change.     

Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain)

The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period ( Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.     

Present and Late Pleistocene equilibrium line altitudes in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle (LGC) and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage (Meteorological Station glacier advance) took place about 11 ka (11.3±1.2 ka), and the last glacial maximum (LGM), named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, occurred at 20 ka (20.0±2.1 ka). Based on the Ohmura’s formula in which there is a relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation–area ratio (AAR), maximum elevation of lateral moraines (MELM), toe–to headwall altitude ratios (THAR), the terminal to summit altitudinal (TSAM), the altitude of cirque floor (CF), and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area (Hofer) were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250–2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope, and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The ELA △ values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about 920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwanese and Japanese mountains in East Asia during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations (i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM and 11 m in the Late Glacial) is not obvious.